12 research outputs found
The comparative responsiveness of Hospital Universitario Princesa Index and other composite indices for assessing rheumatoid arthritis activity
Objective
To evaluate the responsiveness in terms of correlation of the Hospital Universitario La Princesa Index (HUPI) comparatively to the traditional composite indices used to assess disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to compare the performance of HUPI-based response criteria with that of the EULAR response criteria.
Methods
Secondary data analysis from the following studies: ACT-RAY (clinical trial), PROAR (early RA cohort) and EMECAR (pre-biologic era long term RA cohort). Responsiveness was evaluated by: 1) comparing change from baseline (Delta) of HUPI with Delta in other scores by calculating correlation coefficients; 2) calculating standardised effect sizes. The accuracy of response by HUPI and by EULAR criteria was analyzed using linear regressions in which the dependent variable was change in global assessment by physician (Delta GDA-Phy).
Results
Delta HUPI correlation with change in all other indices ranged from 0.387 to 0.791); HUPI's standardized effect size was larger than those from the other indices in each database used. In ACT-RAY, depending on visit, between 65 and 80% of patients were equally classified by HUPI and EULAR response criteria. However, HUPI criteria were slightly more stringent, with higher percentage of patients classified as non-responder, especially at early visits. HUPI response criteria showed a slightly higher accuracy than EULAR response criteria when using Delta GDA-Phy as gold standard.
Conclusion
HUPI shows good responsiveness in terms of correlation in each studied scenario (clinical trial, early RA cohort, and established RA cohort). Response criteria by HUPI seem more stringent than EULAR''s
ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ
Optimization of joint syndrome treatment methods, including those based on the intra- and periarticular drug administration and invasive diagnostic techniques, remains high on the agenda of modern clinical rheumatology. The implementation and quite widely spread use of ultrasonographic visualization has been an impetus to the development of this type of treatment for joint diseases. Without any doubt, the quality of intraarticular injection performance mainly depends on the professional level of the specialist and his/hers procedural skills. However, here comes a predictable question: are these conditions sufficient to enable maximal precision, safety, and efficacy of intraarticular interventions? From this perspective, it is interesting to study the possibilities to improve the results of local treatments for the joint syndrome by means of the ultrasound navigation technique. Based on data presented in the literature review, we compared a βblindβ invasive treatment method to the ultrasound navigation-guided intra- and periarticular interventions in patients with skeletomuscular and connective tissue disorders. The authors of the studies published point to higher safety, efficacy, procedure precision, and diagnostic quality of the information obtained by the ultrasound navigation. Its important advantages include wider possibilities and availability of this method in outpatient settings, due to its rather low costs and patients' safety. The information from the current literature review reflects an initial stage of studies on the evaluation of the role, significance, determination of potential of the ultrasound navigation to enhance the quality of diagnosis and invasive treatment in patients with joint syndromes of various origins and to minimize adverse effects.ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°, Π²Β ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΒ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΒ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅Π·ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°, Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ². Π‘Β ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Β«ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠΉΒ» ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π²Β ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΡΒ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΒ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΒ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Β Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΒ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²
EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF INFLUENCE OF THE SUBCUTANEOUS FORM OFMETHOTREXATUM TO THE LEVEL OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINEMIA AND THE MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATE OF VASCULAR WALL IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Objective: To assess the effect of the subcutaneous form of methotrexatum (metoject) on the level of pro-inflammatory cytokinemia and the morphofunctional characteristics of the vascular wall in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Methods: The level of pro-inflammatory cytokinemia and the morphofunctional characteristics of carotid arteries were studied in 94 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) positive for RF-IgM and/or anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA).
Results: It has been established that in patients with RA as a result of an increase in the serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-Ξ±, IL-1Ξ², IL-6) the subclinical lesion of the major arteries, manifested by an increase in the thickness of the intima-media complex (IMC) and the stiffness index of the common carotid artery (CCA) was observed, the magnitude of which was correlated with the duration of RA, the activity index of DAS28, the level of RF and the concentration of ACPA. The use of metoject in RA patients led to a statistically significant decrease in the DAS28 index, a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokinemia with attainment of control values in the early stages of the disease, a decrease in the thickness of IMC of the CCA, and local (carotid) rigidity of the vascular bed, which is more pronounced with RA duration less than 2 years. It was demonstrated that metoject therapy along with high anti-inflammatory activity, possesses a vasoprotective effect, which is characterized by a decrease in remodeling signs of CCA.
Conclusion: The results of the study confirm not only the high clinical efficiency and good tolerancy of the subcutaneous form of metoject, but also show that it possesses a high anti-inflammatory activity, which provides a vasoprotective effect on large vessels of the elastic type (aorta and common carotid arteries)
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ½Π°Π» Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
The purpose of the study was to compare the phagocytic activity of macrophages of monocytic origin both without activation and under the influence of factors of the M1 and M2 phenotype. Material and methods. Peripheral blood monocytes and Kupper liver cells of male Wistar rats were obtained by gradient centrifugation. The Kupffer cells and rat monocytes were transferred to RPMI growth medium. To activate in the direction of the M1-phenotype, LPS and IFN-Ξ³ were introduced into the medium. To activate the M2 phenotype, IL 4, IL10, and IL 13 were added to the medium. The obtained macrophage cultures were stained with antibodies to CD68. To study the phagocytic activity of macrophages, the cells were placed on plates for intravital microscopy and latex beads were added to the culture medium. Results. The macrophage cultures of monocytic origin and Kupffer cells expressed CD68 at a high level, the addition of activation factors did not change the expression of the marker. 1 hour after the addition of latex particles to the culture medium, unactivated monocytic macrophages statistically significantly absorbed particles more than Kupffer cells. Activation by factors of the M1 and M2 phenotype led to an increase in the phagocytic activity of both macrophages of monocytic origin and Kupffer cells. The most activating effect on phagocytic activity was provided by induction factors of the M1 phenotype. Conclusions. For macrophages of monocytic origin and Kupffer cells, a different dynamics of phagocytic activity is characteristic. Monocytic macrophages initially have a more pronounced absorption capacity, which gradually increases during the experiment. For Kupffer cells, a sharp fluctuation of phagocytic activity is characteristic: rapid growth and rapid saturation.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ - ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Π΅Π· Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π1- ΠΈ Π2-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ RPMI. ΠΠ»Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π1-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄ (ΠΠΠ‘) ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½-Ξ³. ΠΠ»Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π2-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ½ 4, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ½ 10 ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ½ 13. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΠΊ CD68. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ CD68 Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅, Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°. Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅Π· 1 ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π1- ΠΈ Π2-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π1-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ: Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ½Π°Π» Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
The purpose of the study was to compare the phagocytic activity of macrophages of monocytic origin both without activation and under the influence of factors of the M1 and M2 phenotype. Material and methods. Peripheral blood monocytes and Kupper liver cells of male Wistar rats were obtained by gradient centrifugation. The Kupffer cells and rat monocytes were transferred to RPMI growth medium. To activate in the direction of the M1-phenotype, LPS and IFN-Ξ³ were introduced into the medium. To activate the M2 phenotype, IL 4, IL10, and IL 13 were added to the medium. The obtained macrophage cultures were stained with antibodies to CD68. To study the phagocytic activity of macrophages, the cells were placed on plates for intravital microscopy and latex beads were added to the culture medium. Results. The macrophage cultures of monocytic origin and Kupffer cells expressed CD68 at a high level, the addition of activation factors did not change the expression of the marker. 1 hour after the addition of latex particles to the culture medium, unactivated monocytic macrophages statistically significantly absorbed particles more than Kupffer cells. Activation by factors of the M1 and M2 phenotype led to an increase in the phagocytic activity of both macrophages of monocytic origin and Kupffer cells. The most activating effect on phagocytic activity was provided by induction factors of the M1 phenotype. Conclusions. For macrophages of monocytic origin and Kupffer cells, a different dynamics of phagocytic activity is characteristic. Monocytic macrophages initially have a more pronounced absorption capacity, which gradually increases during the experiment. For Kupffer cells, a sharp fluctuation of phagocytic activity is characteristic: rapid growth and rapid saturation.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ - ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Π΅Π· Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π1- ΠΈ Π2-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ RPMI. ΠΠ»Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π1-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄ (ΠΠΠ‘) ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½-Ξ³. ΠΠ»Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π2-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ½ 4, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ½ 10 ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ½ 13. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΠΊ CD68. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ CD68 Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅, Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°. Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅Π· 1 ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π1- ΠΈ Π2-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π1-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ: Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅