1,303 research outputs found
Spectral radii of sparse random matrices
We establish bounds on the spectral radii for a large class of sparse random
matrices, which includes the adjacency matrices of inhomogeneous
Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi graphs. Our error bounds are sharp for a large class of
sparse random matrices. In particular, for the Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi graph
, our results imply that the smallest and second-largest eigenvalues
of the adjacency matrix converge to the edges of the support of the asymptotic
eigenvalue distribution provided that . Together with the
companion paper [3], where we analyse the extreme eigenvalues in the
complementary regime , this establishes a crossover in the
behaviour of the extreme eigenvalues around . Our results also
apply to non-Hermitian sparse random matrices, corresponding to adjacency
matrices of directed graphs. The proof combines (i) a new inequality between
the spectral radius of a matrix and the spectral radius of its nonbacktracking
version together with (ii) a new application of the method of moments for
nonbacktracking matrices
Slow transit constipation: clinical and aetiological studies.
PhDConstipation is the second most commonly self-reported gastrointestinal symptom. On
the basis of anorectal physiological investigations and colonic transit studies, a subgroup
of patients with several intractable symptoms, but without organic disease will be
found to have slow transit constipation (STC). STC is a condition of gut dysmotility
which predominantly affects young women, and may result in surgical intervention with
variable, often unsatisfactory results. The aetiology remains elusive.
New aetiological hypotheses for STC were examined following full clinical and
pathophysiological characterisation of a large cohort of 130 patients referred to our
institution over the last 10 years. Aspects of nerve and muscle dysfunction were studied.
A new scoring system demonstrated some ability of multiple symptoms to discriminate
STC from other forms of constipation. Detailed clinical and gastrointestinal
physiological studies confirmed the heterogeneity of STC patients. Some significant
physiological differences were detectable between clinically defined sub-groups of
patients and refuted previous assumptions based on smaller numbers. Detailed
neurophysiological studies, including quantitative peripheral sensory and autonomic
testing, provided evidence of a small fibre neuropathy in a proportion of patients with
STC. Mutational screening of some early-onset cases for a possible congenital
pathogenetic mechanism, based on the observation that some STC patients had relatives
with Hirschsprung's disease demonstrated that mutation of 2 important genes now
implicated in this disorder were not a frequent cause of STC. Serum
immunoprecipitation assays showed that anti-neuronal ion channel autoantibodies may
have an as yet unrecognised role in the development of STC in a small proportion of
acquired cases. An inclusion body myopathy was identifiable in colonic tissue of
patients with STC, and this appeared to arise secondary to denervation. Further
knowledge of the single or multiple pathogenetic mechanisms leading to this clinical
condition may allow more rational or directed therapies aimed at the correction of the
disease process or processes themselves
Cell shape characteristics of human skeletal muscle cells as a predictor of myogenic competency: A new paradigm towards precision cell therapy
Skeletal muscle-derived cells (SMDC) hold tremendous potential for replenishing dysfunctional muscle lost due to disease or trauma. Current therapeutic usage of SMDC relies on harvesting autologous cells from muscle biopsies that are subsequently expanded in vitro before re-implantation into the patient. Heterogeneity can arise from multiple factors including quality of the starting biopsy, age and comorbidity affecting the processed SMDC. Quality attributes intended for clinical use often focus on minimum levels of myogenic cell marker expression. Such approaches do not evaluate the likelihood of SMDC to differentiate and form myofibres when implanted in vivo, which ultimately determines the likelihood of muscle regeneration. Predicting the therapeutic potency of SMDC in vitro prior to implantation is key to developing successful therapeutics in regenerative medicine and reducing implementation costs. Here, we report on the development of a novel SMDC profiling tool to examine populations of cells in vitro derived from different donors. We developed an image-based pipeline to quantify morphological features and extracted cell shape descriptors. We investigated whether these could predict heterogeneity in the formation of myotubes and correlate with the myogenic fusion index. Several of the early cell shape characteristics were found to negatively correlate with the fusion index. These included total area occupied by cells, area shape, bounding box area, compactness, equivalent diameter, minimum ferret diameter, minor axis length and perimeter of SMDC at 24 h after initiating culture. The information extracted with our approach indicates live cell imaging can detect a range of cell phenotypes based on cell-shape alone and preserving cell integrity could be used to predict propensity to form myotubes in vitro and functional tissue in vivo
Association Between Empathy and Burnout Among Emergency Medicine Physicians
Background:
The association between physician self-reported empathy and burnout has been studied in the past with diverse findings. We aimed to determine the association between empathy and burnout among United States emergency medicine (EM) physicians using a novel combination of tools for validation.
Methods:
This was a prospective single-center observational study. Data were collected from EM physicians. From December 1, 2018 to January 31, 2019, we used the Jefferson scale of empathy (JSE) to assess physician empathy and the Copenhagen burnout inventory (CBI) to assess burnout. We divided EM physicians into different groups (residents in each year of training, junior/senior attendings). Empathy, burnout scores and their association were analyzed and compared among these groups.
Results:
A total of 33 attending physicians and 35 EM residents participated in this study. Median self-reported empathy scores were 113 (interquartile range (IQR): 105 - 117) in post-graduate year (PGY)-1, 112 (90 - 115) in PGY-2, 106 (93 - 118) in PGY-3 EM residents, 112 (105 - 116) in junior and 114 (101 - 125) in senior attending physicians. Overall burnout scores were 43 (33 - 50) in PGY-1, 51 (29 - 56) in PGY-2, 43 (42 - 53) in PGY-3 EM residents, 33 (24 - 47) in junior attending and 25 (22 - 53) in senior attending physicians separately. The Spearman correlation (ρ) was -0.11 and β-weight was -0.23 between empathy and patient-related burnout scores.
Conclusion:
Self-reported empathy declines over the course of EM residency training and improves after graduation. Overall high burnout occurs among EM residents and improves after graduation. Our analysis showed a weak negative correlation between self-reported empathy and patient-related burnout among EM physicians
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