AMBIGUITY AND EXCEPTIONS: DISSECTING CFTC V. MONEX CREDIT CO. AND THE COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT TO EXPLAIN ACTUAL DELIVERY

“Leveraged trades” are transactions in which an investor borrows the capital to purchase or sell a commodity using the commodity itself as collateral. These transactions are vital to the health of commodities markets as they relate directly to market participation and liquidity, both essential components. A recent Ninth Circuit decision threatens these types of valuable transactions by adopting a narrow interpretation of a key exemption from the applicability of Commodity Exchange Act regulations. This Article will argue a broader interpretation is more consistent with the purpose behind the Commodity Exchange Act, recent Commodity Futures Trading Commission interpretations, and will better serve commodities traders along with the markets themselves

Inside, Outside : Light and Dark

In a story of his life Les reflects on what he has gained and what he has lost while seeking success in the moving and shifting of military and academic life through homes and schools all over the United States. He describes himself as between races, languages, and cultures

Shoulder Strength and Range of Motion Between Collegiate Pitchers and Position Players in Baseball

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(6): 123-130, 2020. Baseball is a sport that places excessive strain on the shoulder complex caused from repetitive overhead throws. In the sport of baseball, shoulder strength and range of motion (ROM) are paramount for success on the field. The purpose of this study was to determine strength and ROM differences between collegiate baseball pitchers and position players. It was hypothesized that pitchers would have higher strength and ROM values, due to the volume of throwing a pitcher performs.A total of nine collegiate baseball pitchers and position players (n= 18) volunteered for the study (age = 20.94 ± 1.21 years, height = 183.42 ± 4.74 cm, and mass = 89.56 ± 10.76 kg). Shoulder strength was measured using a Humac Norm isokinetic dynamometer at 180ºsec-1 and 300ºsec-1and ROM was measured using a goniometer. All participants completed a five-minute warm-up at 50 rpm on an upper body ergometer. Following the warm-up, passive internal and external ROM were measured for the throwing (dominant) arm. No statistical differences were found in external ROM (p = 0.319), internal ROM (p= 0.258), external peak torque @180ºsec-1(p= 0.467), internal peak torque @180ºsec-1(p= 0.156), external peak torque @300ºsec-1(p= 0.225), or internal peak torque @300ºsec-1(p= 0.137). The findings indicate similar isokinetic strength and flexibility in the throwing shoulder of collegiate athletes who perform repeated overhead throwing motions. Thus, in this study the player’s baseball position (pitchers vs. position player) did not influence throwing shoulder strength and ROM characteristics

AMBIGUITY AND EXCEPTIONS: DISSECTING CFTC V. MONEX CREDIT CO. AND THE COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT TO EXPLAIN ACTUAL DELIVERY

“Leveraged trades” are transactions in which an investor borrows the capital to purchase or sell a commodity using the commodity itself as collateral. These transactions are vital to the health of commodities markets as they relate directly to market participation and liquidity, both essential components. A recent Ninth Circuit decision threatens these types of valuable transactions by adopting a narrow interpretation of a key exemption from the applicability of Commodity Exchange Act regulations. This Article will argue a broader interpretation is more consistent with the purpose behind the Commodity Exchange Act, recent Commodity Futures Trading Commission interpretations, and will better serve commodities traders along with the markets themselves

Bóg i jaźń w Wyznaniach IV i dalej: Therapeia, Samo-bytowanie, i przygodność ontologiczna u Augustyna, Seneki i Heideggera

This article investigates Augustine’s reflection on the death of his friend in Confessiones IV. A critical treatment of this passage discloses the three key themes which will form the main substance of the analysis: self-presence, the contingency of being, and divine absence. Integrating philosophical and theological methodologies with an historical-critical treatment of Augustine’s work, this article relates Augustine’s insights to his foregoing classical context and his reception in posterity, with particular attention to Lucius Annaeus Seneca (ca. 4 BCE-65 CE) and Martin Heidegger (1889-1976). This investigation shows that these three figures are connected by an appreciation of how self-presence and ontological instability are constant facets of human life, though easily neglected. Each advocates a curriculum of philosophical training, whereby one learns to pacify the mind by an awareness of the true nature of mundane reality. This research contributes to the renewed appreciation of how the therapeutic aspects of classical philosophy influenced early Christian authors; illuminates a key episode in Augustine’s life en route to his conversion to Christianity; and raises questions about the “apophatic” dimensions of Augustine’s theology and anthropology

Lipid-induced insulin resistance mediated by the proinflammatory receptor TLR4 requires saturated fatty acid–induced ceramide biosynthesis in mice

Obesity is associated with an enhanced inflammatory response that exacerbates insulin resistance and contributes to diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. One mechanism accounting for the increased inflammation associated with obesity is activation of the innate immune signaling pathway triggered by TLR4 recognition of saturated fatty acids, an event that is essential for lipid-induced insulin resistance. Using in vitro and in vivo systems to model lipid induction of TLR4-dependent inflammatory events in rodents, we show here that TLR4 is an upstream signaling component required for saturated fatty acid–induced ceramide biosynthesis. This increase in ceramide production was associated with the upregulation of genes driving ceramide biosynthesis, an event dependent of the activity of the proinflammatory kinase IKKβ. Importantly, increased ceramide production was not required for TLR4-dependent induction of inflammatory cytokines, but it was essential for TLR4-dependent insulin resistance. These findings suggest that sphingolipids such as ceramide might be key components of the signaling networks that link lipid-induced inflammatory pathways to the antagonism of insulin action that contributes to diabetes