1,868 research outputs found
Asymmetry of temporal cross-correlations in turbulent shear flows
We investigate spatial and temporal cross-correlations between streamwise and
normal velocity components in three shear flows: a low-dimensional model for
vortex-streak interactions, direct numerical simulations for a nearly
homogeneous shear flow and experimental data for a turbulent boundary layer. A
driving of streamwise streaks by streamwise vortices gives rise to a temporal
asymmetry in the short time correlation. Close to the wall or the bounding
surface in the free-slip situations, this asymmetry is identified. Further away
from the boundaries the asymmetry becomes weaker and changes character,
indicating the prevalence of other processes. The systematic variation of the
asymmetry measure may be used as a complementary indicator to separate
different layers in turbulent shear flows. The location of the extrema at
different streamwise displacements can be used to read off the mean advection
speed; it differs from the mean streamwise velocity because of asymmetries in
the normal extension of the structures.Comment: 10 pages, 7 Postscript figures (low quality due to downsizing
ggstThe role of tendon microcirculation in Achilles and patellar tendinopathy
Tendinopathy is of distinct interest as it describes a painful tendon disease with local tenderness, swelling and pain associated with sonographic features such as hypoechogenic texture and diameter enlargement. Recent research elucidated microcirculatory changes in tendinopathy using laser Doppler flowmetry and spectrophotometry such as at the Achilles tendon, the patellar tendon as well as at the elbow and the wrist level. Tendon capillary blood flow is increased at the point of pain. Tendon oxygen saturation as well as tendon postcapillary venous filling pressures, determined non-invasively using combined Laser Doppler flowmetry and spectrophotometry, can quantify, in real-time, how tendon microcirculation changes over with pathology or in response to a given therapy. Tendon oxygen saturation can be increased by repetitive, intermittent short-term ice applications in Achilles tendons; this corresponds to 'ischemic preconditioning', a method used to train tissue to sustain ischemic damage. On the other hand, decreasing tendon oxygenation may reflect local acidosis and deteriorating tendon metabolism. Painful eccentric training, a common therapy for Achilles, patellar, supraspinatus and wrist tendinopathy decreases abnormal capillary tendon flow without compromising local tendon oxygenation. Combining an Achilles pneumatic wrap with eccentric training changes tendon microcirculation in a different way than does eccentric training alone; both approaches reduce pain in Achilles tendinopathy. The microcirculatory effects of measures such as extracorporeal shock wave therapy as well as topical nitroglycerine application are to be studied in tendinopathy as well as the critical question of dosage and maintenance. Interestingly it seems that injection therapy using color Doppler for targeting the area of neovascularisation yields to good clinical results with polidocanol sclerosing therapy, but also with a combination of epinephrine and lidocaine
Rayleigh and depinning instabilities of forced liquid ridges on heterogeneous substrates
Depinning of two-dimensional liquid ridges and three-dimensional drops on an
inclined substrate is studied within the lubrication approximation. The
structures are pinned to wetting heterogeneities arising from variations of the
strength of the short-range polar contribution to the disjoining pressure. The
case of a periodic array of hydrophobic stripes transverse to the slope is
studied in detail using a combination of direct numerical simulation and
branch-following techniques. Under appropriate conditions the ridges may either
depin and slide downslope as the slope is increased, or first breakup into
drops via a transverse instability, prior to depinning. The different
transition scenarios are examined together with the stability properties of the
different possible states of the system.Comment: Physics synopsis link:
http://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevE.83.01630
Cellulite and extracorporeal Shockwave therapy (CelluShock-2009) - a Randomized Trial
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cellulite is a widespread problem involving females' buttocks and thighs based on the female specific anatomy. Given the higher number of fat cells stored in female fatty tissue in contrast to males, and the aging process of connective tissue leads to an imbalance between lipogenesis and lipolysis with subsequent large fat cells bulging the skin. In addition, microcirculatory changes have been suggested, however remain largely unknown in a controlled clinical setting. We hypothesize that the combination of extracorporeal shockwave and a daily gluteal muscle strength program is superior to the gluteal muscle strength program alone in cellulite.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>Study design: Randomized-controlled trial. IRB approval was granted at Hannover Medical School, Germany on May 22, 2009. For allocation of participants, a 1:1 ratio randomization was performed using opaque envelopes for the concealment of allocation. Reporting: according to CONSORT 2010. Eligible patients were females aged 18 or over and 65 or younger with cellulite with documented cellulite 1°-4° according to the Nürnberger score. Exclusion criteria were suspected or evident pregnancy, no cellulite, no informed consent or age under 18 years or above 65 years. Patients were recruited by advertisements in local regional newspapers and via the Internet. Analysis: Intention-to-treat. Outcome parameters: a) Photonumeric severity scale, b) Nürnberger Score, c) circumference measurements, d) capillary blood flow, e) tissue oxygen saturation, f) postcapillary venous blood flow. Intervention group: Six sessions of extracorporeal focused shock wave for six sessions (2000 impulses, 0,25 mJ/m2 every 1-2 weeks) at both gluteal and thigh regions plus a specific gluteal strength exercise training. Control group: Six sessions of sham extracorporeal focused shock wave for six sessions (2000 impulses, 0,01 mJ/m2 every 1-2 weeks) at both gluteal and thigh regions plus a specific gluteal strength exercise training. Follow-up: 12 weeks. Blinding was achieved for all participants enrolled in the trial, the photograph taking the digital images for the primary outcome measure, the two assessors of the outcome measures, all additional health care providers and for the analyst from the biometrical department. Only one researcher (BJ) was aware of the group assignment performing the randomisation and the extracorporeal shock wave therapy.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This randomised-controlled trial will provide much needed evidence on the clinical effectiveness of focused extracorporal shock wave therapy as an adjunct to gluteal strength training in females suffering cellulite.</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier</p> <p>NCT00947414</p
Localized transverse bursts in inclined layer convection
We investigate a novel bursting state in inclined layer thermal convection in
which convection rolls exhibit intermittent, localized, transverse bursts. With
increasing temperature difference, the bursts increase in duration and number
while exhibiting a characteristic wavenumber, magnitude, and size. We propose a
mechanism which describes the duration of the observed bursting intervals and
compare our results to bursting processes in other systems.Comment: 4 pages, 8 figure
Chaotic magnetic field reversals in turbulent dynamos
We present direct numerical simulations of reversals of the magnetic field
generated by swirling flows in a spherical domain. In agreement with a recent
model, we observe that coupling dipolar and quadrupolar magnetic modes by an
asymmetric forcing of the flow generates field reversals. In addition, we show
that this mechanism strongly depends on the value of the magnetic Prandtl
number.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
Adiabatic reduction near a bifurcation in stochastically modulated systems
We re-examine the procedure of adiabatic elimination of fast relaxing
variables near a bifurcation point when some of the parameters of the system
are stochastically modulated. Approximate stationary solutions of the
Fokker-Planck equation are obtained near threshold for the pitchfork and
transcritical bifurcations. Stochastic resonance between fast variables and
random modulation may shift the effective bifurcation point by an amount
proportional to the intensity of the fluctuations. We also find that
fluctuations of the fast variables above threshold are not always Gaussian and
centered around the (deterministic) center manifold as was previously believed.
Numerical solutions obtained for a few illustrative examples support these
conclusions.Comment: RevTeX, 19 pages and 16 figure
Linear and nonlinear instabilities in rotating cylindrical Rayleigh-BĂ©nard convection
Copyright © 2008 The American Physical SocietyLinear and nonlinear convection in a rotating annular cylinder, under experimental boundary conditions, heated from below and rotating about a vertical axis are investigated. In addition to the usual physical parameters such as the Rayleigh and Taylor number, an important geometric parameter, the ratio of the inner to outer radius, enters into the problem. For intermediate ratios, linear stability analysis reveals that there exist two countertraveling convective waves which are nonlinearly significant: a retrograde wave located near the outer sidewall and a prograde wave adjacent to the inner sidewall. Several interesting phenomena of nonlinear convection are found: (i) tempospatially modulated countertraveling waves caused by an instability of the Eckhaus-Benjamin-Feir type, (ii) destructive countertraveling waves in which the existence or disappearance of the prograde wave is determined by its relative phase to the retrograde wave, and (iii) a saddle-node-type bifurcation in which the prograde wave takes an infinite amount of time to pass over the retrograde wave
Bistability of Slow and Fast Traveling Waves in Fluid Mixtures
The appearence of a new type of fast nonlinear traveling wave states in
binary fluid convection with increasing Soret effect is elucidated and the
parameter range of their bistability with the common slower ones is evaluated
numerically. The bifurcation behavior and the significantly different
spatiotemporal properties of the different wave states - e.g. frequency, flow
structure, and concentration distribution - are determined and related to each
other and to a convenient measure of their nonlinearity. This allows to derive
a limit for the applicability of small amplitude expansions. Additionally an
universal scaling behavior of frequencies and mixing properties is found.
PACS: 47.20.-k, 47.10.+g, 47.20.KyComment: 4 pages including 5 Postscript figure
Influence of through-flow on linear pattern formation properties in binary mixture convection
We investigate how a horizontal plane Poiseuille shear flow changes linear
convection properties in binary fluid layers heated from below. The full linear
field equations are solved with a shooting method for realistic top and bottom
boundary conditions. Through-flow induced changes of the bifurcation thresholds
(stability boundaries) for different types of convective solutions are deter-
mined in the control parameter space spanned by Rayleigh number, Soret coupling
(positive as well as negative), and through-flow Reynolds number. We elucidate
the through-flow induced lifting of the Hopf symmetry degeneracy of left and
right traveling waves in mixtures with negative Soret coupling. Finally we
determine with a saddle point analysis of the complex dispersion relation of
the field equations over the complex wave number plane the borders between
absolute and convective instabilities for different types of perturbations in
comparison with the appropriate Ginzburg-Landau amplitude equation
approximation. PACS:47.20.-k,47.20.Bp, 47.15.-x,47.54.+rComment: 19 pages, 15 Postscript figure
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