105 research outputs found

    Circumstances of mate change for a second brood in the Barn Owl Tyto alba

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    Schleiereulen-Weibchen prĂŒfen offensichtlich, vielleicht sogar regelmĂ€ĂŸig, vor der Entscheidung fĂŒr eine Zweitbrut mit ihrem bisherigen MĂ€nnchen, ob es eine bessere Alternative gibt (better option hypothesis). Sie können sich dann fĂŒr oder gegen eine neue Partnerschaft entscheiden. Scheidungs-Zweitbruten können auch sehr dicht beim ersten Brutplatz des Weibchens stattfinden (ca. 40 m Abstand). Das neue MĂ€nnchen einer Scheidungs-Zweitbrut folgt gelegentlich seinem Weibchen in die NĂ€he von dessen Erstbrutplatz. Die aktive Rolle des Weibchens bei der Initiierung einer Zweitbrut wird bestĂ€tigt.Before deciding for a second brood with their previous male barn owl females obviously regularly test whether there is an alternative (better option hypothesis). They then may decide in favour or against a new partnership. Divorce-second-broods may take place very close to the first breeding site of the female (distance of about 40 m). Occasionally the new male of a divorcesecond-brood follows his mate to the vicinity of her first breeding site. The active role of the female in initiating a second brood is affirmed. For full text translation see www.kniprath-barn-owl.d

    On the underparts colouration of a population of the Barn Owl Tyto alba guttata in southern Lower Saxony

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    Bei 318 brĂŒtenden Schleiereulen wurde die UnterseitenfĂ€rbung festgehalten. Die Verteilung auf 5 FĂ€rbungstypen ist bei den Weibchen unspektakulĂ€r und hat ihren deutlichen Schwerpunkt beim Typ „guttata“. Bei den MĂ€nnchen sind nicht nur die helleren Typen generell hĂ€ufiger, sondern es gibt einen besonderen Schwerpunkt bei den sehr hellen. Dies könnte Folge einer Einwanderungswelle von Westen sein.The underparts colouration of 318 breeding Barn Owls was investigated. In the female, the distribution among 5 colouration types is non spectacular and has its predominant peak at the type “guttata”. In the male, not only the lighter types (“alba”) are more frequent but there is a second peak in the very light type. The authors speculate that this could reflect immigration from the west

    Earlier egg laying in the barn owl "Tyto alba"

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    In vier ProbeflĂ€chen im nördlichen Deutschland wurde ĂŒbereinstimmend festgestellt, dass sich der Legebeginn in den vergangenen Jahren um 0,43 bis 0,87 Tage je Jahr vorverlegt hat. Dies wird als Reaktion auf die allgemeine ErderwĂ€rmung gedeutet.For all four study areas in northern Germany the authors found that egg laying has been advanced for 0,43 to 0,87 d per year. This is interpreted as reaction to the global warming. An English translation of the paper is available at www.kniprath-barn-owl.de

    Barn owl Tyto alba: 100% divorce rate in a female

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    Ein Schleiereulen Weibchen hat in drei Jahren fĂŒnf erfolgreiche Bruten mit fĂŒnf verschiedenen MĂ€nnchen gemacht und ist jedes Mal umgezogen. Um die UmstĂ€nde der Scheidungen besser beurteilen zu können, werden die Herkunft der MĂ€nnchen, deren Verbleib nach der Scheidung und auch die Herkunft von deren neuen Partnerinnen beschrieben. Der Vogel hatte nachweislich 22 Nachkommen der 1., 18 der 2. und 12 der 3. Generation.Within 3 years a female barn owl had 5 successful broods with 5 different males and moved between all broods. For a better judgment of the circumstances of the divorces the origin of the males, their fate after the divorce and also the origin of their new mates are described. For this bird 22 descendants of the 1st, 18 of the 2nd, and 12 of the 4th generation are proved

    Phonon Raman spectra of colloidal CdTe nanocrystals: effect of size, non-stoichiometry and ligand exchange

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    Resonant Raman study reveals the noticeable effect of the ligand exchange on the nanocrystal (NC) surface onto the phonon spectra of colloidal CdTe NC of different size and composition. The oleic acid ligand exchange for pyridine ones was found to change noticeably the position and width of the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode, as well as its intensity ratio to overtones. The broad shoulder above the LO peak frequency was enhanced and sharpened after pyridine treatment, as well as with decreasing NC size. The low-frequency mode around 100 cm-1 which is commonly related with the disorder-activated acoustical phonons appears in smaller NCs but is not enhanced after pyridine treatment. Surprisingly, the feature at low-frequency shoulder of the LO peak, commonly assigned to the surface optical phonon mode, was not sensitive to ligand exchange and concomitant close packing of the NCs. An increased structural disorder on the NC surface, strain and modified electron-phonon coupling is discussed as the possible reason of the observed changes in the phonon spectrum of ligand-exchanged CdTe NCs

    Seasonal Changes in Colour: A Comparison of Structural, Melanin- and Carotenoid-Based Plumage Colours

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    Plumage coloration is important for bird communication, most notably in sexual signalling. Colour is often considered a good quality indicator, and the expression of exaggerated colours may depend on individual condition during moult. After moult, plumage coloration has been deemed fixed due to the fact that feathers are dead structures. Still, many plumage colours change after moult, although whether this affects signalling has not been sufficiently assessed.) displaying various coloration types (melanin-, carotenoid-based and structural). Birds were caught regularly during three years to measure plumage reflectance. We used models of avian colour vision to derive two variables, one describing chromatic and the other achromatic variation over the year that can be compared in magnitude among different colour types. All studied plumage patches but one (yellow breast of the blue tit) showed significant chromatic changes over the year, although these were smaller than for a typical dynamic trait (bill colour). Overall, structural colours showed a reduction in relative reflectance at shorter wavelengths, carotenoid-based colours the opposite pattern, while no general pattern was found for melanin-based colours. Achromatic changes were also common, but there were no consistent patterns of change for the different types of colours.Changes of plumage coloration independent of moult are probably widespread; they should be perceivable by birds and have the potential to affect colour signalling

    Layer-by-layer self-assembled active electrodes for hybrid photovoltaic cells

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    Organische Solarzellen bieten die Aussicht auf eine ökologische und zugleich ökonomische Energiequelle. Nachteile des Konzepts liegen in der z.T. geringen StabilitĂ€t der fĂŒr Absorption und Ladungstransport verwendeten MolekĂŒle und einer unvollstĂ€ndigen Ausnutzung des Sonnenspektrums. Zur Verbesserung beider Merkmale werden in dieser Arbeit einzelne organische Bestandteile durch anorganische Materialien mit hoher StabilitĂ€t und breiten Absorptionsbanden ersetzt. Insbesondere werden als Absorber kolloidale Quantenpunkte (QP) verwendet, denen aufgrund nicht-linearer und durch GrĂ¶ĂŸeneffekte steuerbarer optischer Eigenschaften in der Photovoltaik der dritten Generation großes Interesse gilt. Dazu werden dĂŒnne anorganisch-organische Filme mit einem Verfahren hergestellt, das auf Wechselwirkungen zwischen Partikeln in Lösung und geladenen OberflĂ€chen beruht (electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly). TiO2-Nanokristalle als Elektronenleiter, kolloidale CdTe- und CdSe-QP als Absorber und konjugierte Polymere als Lochleiter werden in die Filme integriert und diese als aktive Schichten in photovoltaischen Zellen verwendet. Die Struktur der Filme wird zunĂ€chst mittels AFM, SEM, XPS sowie durch eine Beladung mit organischen Farbstoffen untersucht. Sie weisen PorositĂ€t auf einer Skala von Nanometern sowie eine kontrollierbare Dicke und Mikrostruktur auf. Darauf aufbauend werden durch weitere lösungsbasierte Prozessschritte photovoltaische Zellen gefertigt und ZusammenhĂ€nge zwischen Struktur und Zellenleistung elektronisch und spektroskopisch untersucht. Einflussfaktoren der Zelleffizienz wie die LadungstrĂ€gererzeugung und interne WiderstĂ€nde können so bestimmt und die Effizienz von CdSe-QP als Sensibilisatoren nachgewiesen werden. Die Arbeit demonstriert die Eignung der gewĂ€hlten Methoden und Zelldesigns zur Herstellung von photovoltaischen Zellen und eröffnet neue AnsĂ€tze fĂŒr die Entwicklung und Fertigung insbesondere auf QP basierender Zellen.Organic solar cells offer the prospect of a both ecological and economical energy source. Drawbacks of the concept are low stabilities of the molecules used for absorption and charge transport and an incomplete utilization of the solar spectrum. In order to improve both these characteristics, individual organic components are replaced by inorganic materials with a high stability and broad absorption bands in this work. In particular, colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are used as absorbers, the non-linear and size controllable optical properties of which are attracting great interest in third generation photovoltaics. For this application, inorganic/organic thin films are produced with a method based on interactions between particles in solution and charged surfaces (electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly). TiO2-nanocrystals as electron conductors, colloidal CdTe- and CdSe-QDs as absorbers and conjugated polymers as hole conductors are integrated into the films, which are used as active layers in photovoltaic cells. The structure of the films is investigated by AFM, SEM, XPS and by loading the films with organic dye molecules. The films show porosity on a nanometer scale as well as a controllable thickness and microstructure. Complemented by further solution based processing steps, photovoltaic cells are manufactured and correlations between the structure and performance of the cells are investigated both electronically and spectroscopically. Individual factors that determine the cell efficiency, such as carrier generation and internal resistances, are determined and the efficiency of CdSe-QDs as sensitizers is demonstrated. This work proves the suitability of the chosen methods and cell designs for manufacturing photovoltaic cells and opens up new approaches for the development and manufacture of in particular QD-based solar cells

    Photometrische Untersuchung der Drostschen Farbtypen des Trauerschn\ue4ppers Ficedula hypoleuca

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    Volume: 16Start Page: 284End Page: 28
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