18 research outputs found

    Distinguishing PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder: A latent class analysis

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    Background: There has been debate regarding whether Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Complex PTSD) is distinct from Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) when the latter is comorbid with PTSD. Objective: To determine whether the patterns of symptoms endorsed by women seeking treatment for childhood abuse form classes that are consistent with diagnostic criteria for PTSD, Complex PTSD, and BPD. Method: A latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted on an archival dataset of 280 women with histories of childhood abuse assessed for enrollment in a clinical trial for PTSD. Results: The LCA revealed four distinct classes of individuals: a Low Symptom class characterized by low endorsements on all symptoms; a PTSD class characterized by elevated symptoms of PTSD but low endorsement of symptoms that define the Complex PTSD and BPD diagnoses; a Complex PTSD class characterized by elevated symptoms of PTSD and self-organization symptoms that defined the Complex PTSD diagnosis but low on the symptoms of BPD; and a BPD class characterized by symptoms of BPD. Four BPD symptoms were found to greatly increase the odds of being in the BPD compared to the Complex PTSD class: frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, unstable sense of self, unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, and impulsiveness. Conclusions: Findings supported the construct validity of Complex PTSD as distinguishable from BPD. Key symptoms that distinguished between the disorders were identified, which may aid in differential diagnosis and treatment planning

    Calculated injection times of divided fuel dose in a compression ignition engine

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    This study presents analyses concerning control processes of injection times of divided dose of fuel, starting from setting of injection time in controller up to moment of execution in compression ignition engine. Multiple injection doses were analyzed taking into consideration both sums of individual portions of doses as well as gaps between the doses. Studies were performed for various configurations of the doses, with different values of injection times and gaps between the injections. Measurements were performed for three measuring groups containing single-, two-, and five-portion doses. At constant values of time in a given group it have been applied variable injection pressures. The most important factors determining division of fuel dose were discussed

    Impact assessment of technological changes on selected performance diesel engines

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    W artykule przedstawiono wyniki bada艅 silnik贸w o zap艂onie samoczynnym, o niewielkiej pojemno艣ci skokowej. Silniki, kt贸re poddano badaniom charakteryzowa艂y si臋 t膮 sam膮 pojemno艣ci膮 skokow膮, lecz zosta艂y wyprodukowane w dw贸ch wersjach: o mocy 51 i 67 kW, a dla ka偶dej z wersji zastosowano dwie metody obr贸bki powierzchni cylindr贸w: konwencjonalne honowanie oraz wykonanie za pomoc膮 lasera mikrokom贸r olejowych. Ka偶dy z silnik贸w zosta艂 poddany pr贸bie trwa艂o艣ciowej obejmuj膮cej 504 godziny pracy. Do analiz wybrano trzy wielko艣ci: zadymienie spalin, przedmuchy spalin do skrzyni korbowej oraz zu偶ycie oleju smaruj膮cego. T臋 ostatnio analizowano zar贸wno w oparciu o 艣rednie godzinowe zu偶ycie wynikaj膮ce z uzupe艂niania oleju, jak i zu偶ycie godzinowe zmierzone przy r贸偶nych obci膮偶eniach.The article presents the research results of compression-ignition engines, with a small displacement. Engines that were tested, were characterized by the same displacement, but have been produced in two versions: with a power of 51 i 67 kW, and for each version were used two methods for surface treatment of cylinders: conventional honing and made by laser oil microchambers. Each motor has been tested durability consisting of 504 hours of work. For the analyzes were selected three parameters: opacity, blow-by exhaust gases to the crankcase and lubricating oil consumption. Oil consumption was analyzed based on both the average hourly consumption resulting from the refilling of oil, and the hourly consumption measured at different loadings

    Formulation of a task to control of harmful exhaust emissions from compression ignition engine

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    This paper presents a possibility of control a harmful exhaust emissions from compression ignition engine based on computationally efficiently model of the working cycle a compression ignition engine. Parameters of the model are identified on the basis of experimental measurements carried out for a CI engine with Common Rail system. In this study is considered the control task aimed at minimization of nitrogen oxides emission for a fixed operating point of the engine

    The methodology for determining the level of oil in the internal combustion engine

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    W artykule przedstawiono spos贸b post臋powania umo偶liwiaj膮cy przeprowadzenia doboru odpowiednich, bezpiecznych dla pracy silnika poziom贸w oleju w misce olejowej oraz okre艣lenie ich wp艂ywu na parametry pracy silnika. Przeanalizowano r贸wnie偶 mo偶liwo艣膰 pracy silnika w przechy艂ach wzd艂u偶nych i poprzecznych w stosunku do osi pojazdu, w celu okre艣lenia zakresu k膮t贸w, dla kt贸rych nast膮pi zassanie oleju na stron臋 dolotow膮 silnika. Ponadto, w oparciu o uzyskane wyniki, podj臋to pr贸b臋 wskazania najbardziej optymalnego poziomu oleju w misce olejowej silnika spalinowego.In this article the methodology for determining the appropriate volume of oil in the sump and its influence on the operation of the engine is described. Also examined the possibility of operating the engine in the heel and transverse to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, in order to determine the range of angles for which the oil will be sucked towards the inlet of the engine. Further, based on the obtained results, it was attempted to identify the most optimum level of the oil sump of the internal combustion engine

    Research Programmer for Common Rail Injection System

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    W Katedrze Silnik贸w Spalinowych i Pojazd贸w Akademii Techniczno-Humanistycznej w Bielsku-Bia艂ej opracowano i wykonano sterownik do bada艅 silnik贸w o zap艂onie samoczynnym wyposa偶onych w uk艂ady zasilania typu Common Rail. W niniejszej publikacji przedstawiono opis sterownika oraz na przyk艂adzie menu jego spos贸b dzia艂ania i mo偶liwo艣ci badawcze. Sterownik umo偶liwia na pracuj膮cym silniku zmian臋 k膮ta wyprzedzenia i ci艣nienia wtrysku, wielko艣ci dawki i jej podzia艂 na pi臋膰 dawek cz臋艣ciowych o dowolnym profilu wtrysku. Umo偶liwia to prowadzenie bada艅 zwi膮zanych z analiz膮 i optymalizacj膮 procesu spalania w silniku. W publikacji przedstawiono r贸wnie偶 wybrane algorytmy sterowania silnika. W oparciu o do艣wiadczenia zdobywane na hamowni silnikowej sterownik ten jest w dalszym ci膮gu rozwijany w zakresie optymalizacji procedur strategicznych, operacyjnych i regulacyjnych, kt贸rych celem jest wdro偶enie elektronicznego uk艂adu steruj膮cego dla zastosowa艅 trakcyjnych.In the Chair of Internal Combustion Engines and Vehicles of the Technical University in Bielsko-Bia艂a the programmer for examina-tions Diesel engines equipped with Common-Rail was made. It is presented in the paper. Operation and options of the controller are showed on the example of the menu. Executed and put into practice controller of the system Common-Rail makes it possible to examine and analyse the combustion process in the engine. The aim of the tests there is the change of the character of the dose of the injection and other parameters of the injection. Some algorithms of the control of the engine speed were also restated. Basing on this experience the engine test bench controller has been developed, allowing the optimization of strategy, operation and regulating procedures. Next the optimal solution of the electronic steering setup could be put into practice also for traction applications. Device parameters and features of the driver are shown on the example of the menu

    Effect of pollutants in diesel fuel on operation functionality of fuel injectors in the Common Rail system

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    W artykule przedstawiono ocen臋 wp艂ywu chemicznych zanieczyszcze艅 zawartych w oleju nap臋dowym na parametry pracy turbodo艂adowanego silnika o zap艂onie samoczynnym. Zakres prac obejmowa艂 przygotowanie paliwa, specjalnie zanieczyszczonego, zw艂aszcza zwi膮zkami metali, kt贸re mog膮 zosta膰 wprowadzone zar贸wno w procesie produkcji paliwa, jak i eksploatacji silnika. Przeprowadzono analiz臋 spektraln膮 paliwa. W dalszej kolejno艣ci wykonano trwa艂o艣ciowe badania silnika, kt贸re mia艂y na celu wyznaczenie przebieg贸w takich wielko艣ci jak: mocy i momentu obrotowego silnika, godzinowego i jednostkowego zu偶ycia paliwa oraz ci艣nienia do艂adowania. Prac臋 podzielono na etapy, kt贸re obejmowa艂y prac臋 silnika zasilanego zanieczyszczonym paliwem, prac臋 silnika zasilanego zanieczyszczonym paliwem z oczyszczonymi rozpylaczami, prac臋 silnika zasilanego czystym paliwem z oczyszczonymi rozpylaczami. W ka偶dym etapie rejestrowano zmiany maksymalnej mocy silnika. Wykonano analizy spektralne osad贸w z rozpylacza. Przedstawiono analizy por贸wnawcze parametr贸w pracy silnika.This paper presents an assessment of the impact of chemical pollutants in diesel fuel on the parameters of the diesel super charged engine. The scope of work included preparation of fuel, especially polluted, especially metal compounds, which can be implemented in both the production of fuel and engine life. Spectral analysis was carried out of the diesel fuel. Subsequently engine durability test was performed, which aimed to appoint registration courses of parameters such as: power and torque, hourly and specific fuel consumption and boost pressure. The work is divided into stages, which included the work of contaminated fuel powered engine, the work of contaminated fuel powered engine with cleaned nozzles, powered engine run clean fuel with cleaned nozzles. At each stage changes in the maximum engine power was recorded. Spectral analyzes of sediments from the nozzles was carried out. The paper presents a comparative analysis of engine operating parameters

    The impact of FAME in diesel fuel on the emission harmful exhaust components of compression ignition engine

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    Od szeregu lat prowadzi si臋 badania nad paliwami pochodz膮cymi ze 藕r贸de艂 naturalnych, kt贸re mog膮 zast膮pi膰 cz臋艣ciowo lub ca艂kowicie paliwa z przer贸bki ropy naftowej. Takie paliwa nazywamy niekonwencjonalnymi, alternatywnymi lub zast臋pczymi. Jako paliwa zast臋pcze najcz臋艣ciej wykorzystywane w silnikach ZS mo偶emy poda膰 paliwa ciek艂e pochodzenia ro艣linnego lub innego, oraz paliwa gazowe. W ubieg艂ym dziesi臋cioleciu stosowano estry metylowe olej贸w ro艣linnych (FAME), w Polsce - estry olej贸w rzepakowych. Obecnie zauwa偶a si臋 trend wycofywania z tzw. biodiesli, r贸wnie偶 z powodu opinii m贸wi膮cej o negatywnym skutku tego偶 paliwa nie tylko na aparatur臋 wtryskow膮, ale tak偶e na osi膮gi silnika. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki bada艅 wp艂ywu zawarto艣ci FAME (estr贸w metylowych olej贸w ro艣linnych) w oleju nap臋dowym na moc, moment obrotowy oraz zawarto艣膰 zwi膮zk贸w szkodliwych w spalinach silnika ZS. Wyniki te odniesiono do uzyskanych na silniku pracuj膮cym tylko na czystym oleju nap臋dowym. Przedstawiono wyniki bada艅 silnika ZS na hamowni silnikowej oraz pojazdu nap臋dzanego silnikiem ZS na hamowni podwoziowej.For several years, research is underway to fuels derived from natural sources, which can partially or completely replace the fuel from crude oil. Such fuels are called non-conventional, alternative or substitute. As a substitute fuels commonly used in CI engines can provide liquid fuels of vegetable origin or another, and gaseous fuels. In the past decade, used vegetable oil methyl esters (FAME), Poland - rapeseed oil esters. Currently, notes the trend of so-called withdrawal biodiesel, including the opinion of the speaker because of the negative effect of that not only the fuel injection equipment, as well as CI engine performance. This paper presents the results of the influence the content of FAME (vegetable oil methyl esters) in diesel oil for power, torque, and the content of harmful substances in exhaust gases CI engine. These results were related to the obtained with the engine running only on pure diesel oil. The results were obtained on test bed for engine and for car
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