Inovação em serviços : a implantação de serviço de teleoftalmologia no Rio Grande do Sul

A literatura sobre inovação em serviços, ainda que recente, abrange diversos aspectos sobre a discussão na forma em que a natureza da inovação surge nos serviços quando comparada às inovações oriundas da indústria. Para entender esse processo é analisado o esforço principal em que determinado segmento do setor – nesse caso os serviços de saúde – empreende a fim de gerar aumentos de produtividade e homogeneidade na qualidade dos serviços prestados pelas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS). O estudo de caso sobre o Projeto Teleoftalmo-Olhar Gaúcho serve como base para entendimento sobre a inovação no setor da saúde e sobre a forma que essa inovação se relaciona com as mudanças tecnológicas e de processo produtivo. Serão analisadas as principais correntes teóricas sobre Inovação em Serviços e quais as semelhanças entre elas e a teleoftalmologia. O objetivo da pesquisa é apresentar as atuais abordagens teóricas sobre inovação em serviços e buscar, dentre essas abordagens, um modelo que mais se aproxima ao tipo de mudança em serviços representado pela proposta de inovação oferecida no projeto Teleoftalmo.The literature on service innovation, albeit recent, covers several aspects of the discussion of the ways that innovation emerges in services when compared to innovations from the industry. To understand this process, it will be analyzed the main effort which the health service undertakes, in order to promote increases in productivity and homogeneity in the quality of services provided by the Basic Health Units (UBS). The case study on the Teleoftalmo-Olhar Gaúcho Project serves as a basis for understanding innovation in the health sector and also how this innovation is related to technological and production process changes. The main theoretical trends on Innovation in Services will be analyzed and the similarities between them and teleophthalmology. The objective of the research is to present the current theoretical approaches to service innovation and to seek, among these approaches, a model that most closely matches the type of change in services represented by the innovation proposal offered in the Teleoftalm project

HLA-A and -B alleles and haplotypes in hemochromatosis probands with HFE C282Y homozygosity in central Alabama

BACKGROUND: We wanted to quantify HLA-A and -B allele and haplotype frequencies in Alabama hemochromatosis probands with HFE C282Y homozygosity and controls, and to compare results to those in other populations. METHODS: Alleles were detected using DNA-based typing (probands) and microlymphocytotoxicity (controls). RESULTS: Alleles were determined in 139 probands (1,321 controls) and haplotypes in 118 probands (605 controls). In probands, A*03 positivity was 0.7482 (0.2739 controls; p =< 0.0001; odds ratio (OR) 7.9); positivity for B*07, B*14, and B*56 was also increased. In probands, haplotypes A*03-B*07 and A*03-B*14 were more frequent (p < 0.0001, respectively; OR = 12.3 and 11.1, respectively). The haplotypes A*01-B*60, A*02-B*39, A*02-B*62, A*03-B*13, A*03-B*15, A*03-B*27, A*03-B*35, A*03-B*44, A*03-B*47, and A*03-B*57 were also significantly more frequent in probands. 37.3% of probands were HLA-haploidentical with other proband(s). CONCLUSIONS: A*03 and A*03-B*07 frequencies are increased in Alabama probands, as in other hemochromatosis cohorts. Increased absolute frequencies of A*03-B*35 have been reported only in the present Alabama probands and in hemochromatosis patients in Italy. Increased absolute frequencies of A*01-B*60, A*02-B*39, A*02-B*62, A*03-B*13, A*03-B*15, A*03-B*27, A*03-B*44, A*03-B*47, and A*03-B*57 in hemochromatosis cohorts have not been reported previously

Senescent changes in parafoveal color appearance: saturation as a function of stimulus area.

The chromatic content (saturation) of monochromatic stimuli (480, 505, 577, and 650 nm) was scaled as a function of field size at three different retinal locations by 58 observers ranging from 18 to 83 yr of age. The different retinal locations (6 deg nasal, 2.5 deg inferior and 6 deg temporal eccentricity) were chosen according to anatomical studies demonstrating different degrees of senescent losses of cones or ganglion cells. Nine field sizes were tested, ranging from 0.0096 to 0.96 deg in diameter. The subjects used a percentage scale to judge the saturation of the flashed stimulus presentations (2 s on, 5 s off). The data analysis demonstrated that older observers require larger field sizes than younger observers to perceive hue as well as larger field sizes to reach the same level of scaled saturation. The spatial dependency of color appearance for younger and older observers was not correlated with senescent losses in retinal cells reported for the different retinal locations. The data were modeled by using an impulse-response function (i.e., Naka-Rushton equation) so that perceptive fields could be compared to electrophysiological measures of receptive fields or dendritic fields of retinal and cortical cells

Senescent changes in parafoveal color appearance: saturation as a function of stimulus area.

The chromatic content (saturation) of monochromatic stimuli (480, 505, 577, and 650 nm) was scaled as a function of field size at three different retinal locations by 58 observers ranging from 18 to 83 yr of age. The different retinal locations (6 deg nasal, 2.5 deg inferior and 6 deg temporal eccentricity) were chosen according to anatomical studies demonstrating different degrees of senescent losses of cones or ganglion cells. Nine field sizes were tested, ranging from 0.0096 to 0.96 deg in diameter. The subjects used a percentage scale to judge the saturation of the flashed stimulus presentations (2 s on, 5 s off). The data analysis demonstrated that older observers require larger field sizes than younger observers to perceive hue as well as larger field sizes to reach the same level of scaled saturation. The spatial dependency of color appearance for younger and older observers was not correlated with senescent losses in retinal cells reported for the different retinal locations. The data were modeled by using an impulse-response function (i.e., Naka-Rushton equation) so that perceptive fields could be compared to electrophysiological measures of receptive fields or dendritic fields of retinal and cortical cells