The Selfish Grandma Gene: The Roles of the X-Chromosome and Paternity Uncertainty in the Evolution of Grandmothering Behavior and Longevity

When considering inclusive fitness, it is expected that individuals will provide more care towards those with whom they are more closely related. Thus, if a selfish X-linked genetic element influenced care giving, we would expect care giving to vary with X-relatedness. Recent studies have shown that X-chromosome inheritance patterns may influence selection of traits affecting behavior and life-history. Sexually antagonistic (SA) zygotic drive could encourage individuals to help those with whom they are more likely to share genetic material at the expense of other relatives. We reanalyze previously reported data in light of this new idea. We also evaluate the effects of paternity uncertainty on SA-zygotic drive. Our evidence suggests that human paternal discrepancy is relatively low. Using published models, we find the effects of paternal discrepancy do not override opportunity for selection based on X-relatedness. Based on these results, longevity and grandmothering behaviors, including favoritism, may be more heavily influenced by selection on the X-chromosome than by paternity uncertainty

The Space Filling Curve Needle

The following slides are our contribution to the Meshing Contest of the International Meshing Roundtable 2022. We show a hybrid adaptively refined mesh of the Seattle Spaceneedle

Extensive air shower simulations at the highest energies

Air shower simulation programs are essential tools for the analysis of data from cosmic ray experiments and for planning the layout of new detectors. They are used to estimate the energy and mass of the primary particle. Unfortunately the model uncertainties translate directly into systematic errors in the energy and mass determination. Aiming at energies > 1019 eV, the models have to be extrapolated far beyond the energies available at accelerators. On the other hand, hybrid measurement of ground particle densities and calorimetric shower energy, as will be provided by the Pierre Auger Observatory, will strongly constrain shower models. While the main uncertainty of contemporary models comes from our poor knowledge of the (soft) hadronic interactions at high energies, also electromagnetic interactions, lowenergy hadronic interactions and the particle transport influence details of the shower development. We review here the physics processes and some of the computational techniques of air shower models presently used for highest energies, and discuss the properties and limitations of the models.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Calculations for Mirror Symmetry with D-branes

We study normal functions capturing D-brane superpotentials on several one- and two-parameter Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces and complete intersections in weighted projective space. We calculate in the B-model and interpret the results using mirror symmetry in the large volume regime, albeit without identifying the precise A-model geometry in all cases. We identify new classes of extensions of Picard-Fuchs equations, as well as a novel type of topology changing phase transition involving quantum D-branes. A 4-d domain wall which is obtained in one region of closed string moduli space from wrapping a four-chain interpolating between two Lagrangian submanifolds is, for other values of the parameters, represented by a disk ending on a single Lagrangian.Comment: 42 page

Enabling hybrid tree-based Adaptive Mesh Refinement using Pyramids

We present a space-filling curve for pyramids to enable fully hybrid adaptive mesh refinement. The SFC is based on the tetrahedral Morton-curve. We show how to solve the difficulty, that a pyramid divides into pyramids and tetrahedral and how to reuse the already existing SFC for the tetrahedral children of a pyramid. Our results proof, that the algorithms scale very good and that our algorithms are efficient

An Optimized, Parallel Computation of the Ghost Layer for Adaptive Hybrid Forest Meshes

We discuss parallel algorithms to compute the ghost layer in computational, distributed memory, recursively adapted meshes. Its creation is a fundamental, necessary task in executing most parallel, element-based computer simulations. Common methods differ in that the ghost layer may either be inherently part of the mesh data structure that is maintained and modified, or kept separate and constructed/deleted as needed. In this work, we present a design following the latter approach, which we chose for its modularity of algorithms and data structures. We target arbitrary adaptive, nonconforming forest-of-trees meshes of mixed element shapes, such as cubes, prisms, and tetrahedra, and restrict ourselves to ghost elements across mesh faces. Our algorithm has low code complexity and redundancy since we reduce it to generic codimension-1 subalgorithms that can be flexibly combined. We recover older algorithms for cubic elements as special cases and optimize further using recursive, amortized tree searches and traversals

Dynamic Adaptive Refinement In Earth System Modelling

: Increasing the mesh resolution is one the most important tools for increasing the accuracy of numerical simulations. However, increasing the mesh resolution globally increases the amount of data and computational time substantially. In the exascale-era sub-km meshes are becoming more and more popular for atmospheric models, making it especially difficult to manage the vast amount of data efficiently. With dynamic adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) we locally control the resolution of a mesh in areas of interest, using a fine resolution only where it is explicitely needed and keeping the mesh coarse elsewhere. Thus, we concentrate the data and computing power and significantly reduce the simulation costs while keeping the same numerical accuracy. Vice versa, the resolution can be increased while keeping the same runtime. Managing adaptive meshes induces new challenges such as load-balancing, mesh management, ghost layer computation etc. Developments in the recent years have extended the scalable and efficicient tree-based AMR approach from quadrilaterals/hexahedra to various element shapes such as triangles, tetrahedra, pyramids or prisms and have been implemented in our AMR library t8code. It is a third-party library that adresses these challenges and can be integrated by solver environments in order to enable AMR. In our presentation we will give an introduction to AMR and how we use it for atmospheric simulations. We will give an overview of ongoing and past projects, such as our contributions to PilotLab Exascale Earth Sytem Modelling (Pl-ExaESM) or the lossy data compression for data coming from atmospheric simulations. Furthermore, we will demonstrate the efficiency of our methods with recent benchmark results on current supercomputers, showing that t8code scales on up to at least 1 million MPI ranks and over 1 Trillion mesh elements

The selfish grandma gene: the roles of the x-chromosome and paternity uncertainty in the evolution of grandmothering behavior and longevity.

When considering inclusive fitness, it is expected that individuals will provide more care towards those with whom they are more closely related. Thus, if a selfish X-linked genetic element influenced care giving, we would expect care giving to vary with X-relatedness. Recent studies have shown that X-chromosome inheritance patterns may influence selection of traits affecting behavior and life-history. Sexually antagonistic (SA) zygotic drive could encourage individuals to help those with whom they are more likely to share genetic material at the expense of other relatives. We reanalyze previously reported data in light of this new idea. We also evaluate the effects of paternity uncertainty on SA-zygotic drive. Our evidence suggests that human paternal discrepancy is relatively low. Using published models, we find the effects of paternal discrepancy do not override opportunity for selection based on X-relatedness. Based on these results, longevity and grandmothering behaviors, including favoritism, may be more heavily influenced by selection on the X-chromosome than by paternity uncertainty.Peer Reviewe