GIS Based Pavement Maintenance: A Systematic Approach

Abstract According to 2008 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) statistics, there are 2,734,102 miles of paved public roads in the United Sates, with an additional 1,324,245 miles of unpaved public roads. Road conditions deteriorate with time as the result of weather effects, deicing salts, and vehicle loads. The most common pavement distress includes cracking, rutting, and potholes. These pavement defects must be repaired to restore the pavement to a satisfactory service level for road users. According to the FHWA, in 2006 approximately $54.2 billion dollars was spent on maintenance and expansion, just on U.S. highways alone. Routine maintenance is a cost effective way to maintain pavement service level. Many cities are now starting to implement Maintenance Improvement Plans (MIP’s). These long-range plans will help extend the life of pavement and reduce the long-term cost of road maintenance. It is the adage of “pay a little now rather than a lot later.” Along with the MIP, using a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can help cities better manage their roads by graphically representing the MIP. This information can then be used to inform residents of upcoming road work, inform the city council on areas that are in need of repair, plan for future repairs, and track the troubled roads that seem to always be in need of repair. Many organizations are seeing the benefits of collecting roadway data and keeping a database. For cities that may not have GIS or the money to spend on an engineering firm to rate their roads, there are still ways to gather the needed data. A maintenance plan is essential, and procedures must be put in place to gather the data, analyze that data, and then implement the plan. These procedures to implement the maintenance plan and use a GIS to track the plan will be examined in this paper

Organizational skills in social studies for junior high students

In view of the above observation and finding through recent experience that it is a reality, the present writer had undertaken a study to find ways and means of assisting the junior high teacher in presenting and using the study skills--specifically Organizational Skills--for the purpose of improving reading comprehension in the content areas, particularly in Social Studies. It has b€en recommended and the writer wholeheartedly agrees that a course in basic reading instruction be required of all prospective secondary school teachers

Impact of Residual Value in Leasing Decisions

This study examines the effect changes in residual value estimates have on the lessor's desired rate of return. A questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of equipment lessors in which lessors were asked to rate the importance of residual value estimates to the lease decision. A sensitivity analysis was then performed to measure the theoretical effect residual value has on the lease decision. Comparisons were made between results obtained from the questionnaire and the sensitivity analysis. The findings of the questionnaire revealed that there is much disagreement on the importance of residual value among lessors. The importance of residual value was dependent on the type of equipment being leased. The computer simulation revealed that the importance of residual value estimate has become less significant to the lease decision. This has been primarily due to the much higher rates of return required by lessors to maintain profitability levels above the inflation rate.Business Administratio

Stare decisis i „zdrowy rozsądek” w cywilnej i karnej jurysprudencji amerykańskiej

Based on various law sources, the American common law is connected by a particular role of prior judicial rulings as a basis of judicial practice. The principle of stare decisis, which exists within its framework, leads to considering decisions of courts of higher instances as binding (settled in a binding manner of a given case type in the convention of res iudicata). However, it does not mean that precedents may not be amended or broken. In such a situation following factors may appear: defective rulings, triggering incoherent or unjust consequences, contraction with other precedents, and change of circumstances, which have led to a precedent decision to be taken.Amerykańskie common law, kształtujące się na gruncie różnorodnych źródeł,wiąże się ze szczególną rolą wcześniejszego orzecznictwa jako podstawą praktyki sądowej. Istniejąca w jej ramach zasada stare decisis prowadzi do uznania decyzji sądów wyższych instancji jako wiążących (wiążąco rozstrzygających dany typ sprawy w konwencji res iudicata). Nie oznacza to jednak, że precedensy nie mogą być zmienione i przełamane. Umożliwia to pojawienie się takich czynników, jak: wadliwość orzeczenia, wywołanie niespójnych lub niesłusznych (niesprawiedliwych) skutków, sprzeczność z innymi precedensami oraz zmiana okoliczności, które wywołały podjęcie decyzji precedensowej

A filament szál újrahasznosítása a 3D nyomtatáshoz

A tanulmány első fele bemutatja a 3D nyomtatás és a nyílt forráskódú mozgalom rövid történetét. A szerzők ismertetik az FDM extrudálásos nyomtatási technológiát, valamint a nyomtatás felhasználási területeit. A publikáció részletes leírást ad a Creality Ender 5 nyomtatóról, valamint az ezen nyomtató által nyomtatott tárgyakról. A tanulmány második fele egy nyomtatószál újrahasznosító gép koncepcionális tervezését taglalja. A szükséges piac- és szabadalomkutatás során feltárt funkcionális részegységek variálásával számos megoldásváltozat került kidolgozásra, melyek közül az optimális megoldás értékeléssel került kiválasztásra