Characteristics necessary for effective rural elementary student study teams as a pre-referral intervention technique

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was two-fold. First, it was conducted to determine if the factors identified as prerequisites for successful general team decision making are also the prerequisites for successful Student Study Team functioning. A secondary purpose was to determine the extent to which these compositional and operational variables are incorporated into current Student Study Team processes

English Language Learners Acquiring Tier 3 Mathematical Vocabulary in Upper Elementary Grades

As students progress through elementary school the mathematics they are supposed to be able to complete and understand gets more challenging. Part of the challenge is that students need to know the content-specific vocabulary for individual math units. For some students, the new vocabulary has been heard in passing at home, for others, especially those that English is a second language the new vocabulary is completely foreign to them. The capstone project that has been created is a vocabulary guide to help students and educators understand how to best approach new and unfamiliar vocabulary in mathematics for English language learners in upper elementary classes. The capstone project provides educators with a vocabulary guide to help answer the question: How can educators support English Language Learners as they work to acquire Tier 3 mathematical language in 5 th grade? The guide provides educators with a checklist, examples, and blank resources they can use

A Remote Sensing Analysis Of The Effects Of Watershed Disturbance And Riparian Integrity On Stream Fish Communities In The Red River Of The North Basin

The relationships between fish species guilds, riparian cover, and vegetation disturbances in the surrounding landscape were examined across the 11 western tributaries of the Red River of the North. Archival stream sampling data, collected from 1993-2011 by North Dakota state agencies, were analyzed relative to temporally-appropriate land-cover predictors generated from National Land Cover Database and National Agricultural Imagery Program products. The 0-30 m riparian cover width was the most influential landscape predictor influencing fish structure. The 0-30 m riparian cover displayed interactive effects with 30-50 m riparian cover width and watershed land-cover disturbance. These riparian scales were identified by a PCA of intact riparian area, determined from digitized 1m remotely sensed images. Tolerant and omnivorous species guilds had higher percent compositions where riparian cover in the 0-30 m scale was degraded. Conversely, insectivorous and benthic insectivorous species guilds had higher percent compositions where the 0-30 m riparian cover was more intact. Although suspended sediment loading resulting from riparian disturbance is suspected as a potential mechanism for the riparian effect, the limits of the 0-30 m riparian scale are recognized. The 0-30 m riparian scale is presently a proxy variable, as the results identify a structural relationship with the landscape and assumes mechanisms. The investigation of riparian scaling also has implications for the incorporation of riparian effects into fisheries landscape analysis. Relationships between fish communities and riparian integrity or riparian composition have been reported at a variety of arbitrarily selected scales. To test the effects of generalizing riparian scale, a 0-50 m riparian scale was used rather than the 0-30 m scale determined to be the most important. The more general scale displayed slightly different relationships than were shown to exist. Caution should therefore be exercised if arbitrarily selecting riparian scale widths for fisheries landscape analysis

Nesting Behaviors Of Sharp-Tailed Grouse (tympanuchus Phasianellus) Using Camera Technology

Increasing energy development and grassland conversion pose several issues for Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus) in western North Dakota. Nest attendance patterns can serve as one of the first indicators of stress induced by landscape changes. Nest camera monitoring allows researchers to observe nest attendance patterns; however, little is known about how behavioral responses to cameras influence nest survival. Our study objectives were to determine (1) how characteristics of the hen, nest and landscape influence nest attendance patterns of Sharp-tailed Grouse, and (2) if behaviors resulting from camera monitoring influence daily nest survival rates. Nest attendance was lower at sites with less energy development and lower nest survival. Large spatial and temporal differences appear to be driving nest attendance patterns. Behaviors relative to camera monitoring did not greatly influence nest success; therefore, we recommend cameras as a valuable tool to study the impact of the changing landscape on nesting ecology

Development of a fully coupled biogeochemical reactive transport model to simulate microbial oxidation of organic carbon and pyrite under nitrate‐reducing conditions

©2018. American Geophysical UnionIn regions with intensive agriculture nitrate is one of the most relevant contaminants in groundwater. Denitrification reduces elevated nitrate concentrations in many aquifers, yet the denitrification potential is limited by the concentration of available electron donors. The aim of this work was to study the denitrification potential and its limitation in natural sediments. A column experiment was conducted using sediments with elevated concentrations of organic carbon (total organic carbon 3,247 mg C/kg) and pyrite (chromium reducible sulfur 150 mg/kg). Groundwater with high nitrate concentration (100 mg/L) was injected. Measurements were taken over 160 days at five different depths including N‐ and S‐isotope analysis for selected samples. A reactive transport model was developed, which couples nitrate reduction with the oxidation of organic carbon (heterotrophic denitrification) and pyrite (autolithotrophic denitrification), and considers also transport and growth of denitrifying microbes. The denitrification pathway showed a temporal sequence from initially heterotrophic to autolithotrophic. However, maximum rates were lower for heterotrophic (11 mmol N/(L*a)) than for autolithotrophic denitrification (48 mmol N/(L*a)). The modeling showed that denitrifying microbes initially preferred highly reactive organic carbon as the electron donor for denitrification but were also able to utilize pyrite. The results show that after 160 days nitrate increased again to 50 mg/L. At this time only 0.5% of the total organic carbon and 46% of the available pyrite was oxidized. This indicates that denitrification rates strongly decrease before the electron donors are depleted either by a low reactivity (total organic carbon) or a diminishing reactive surface possibly due to the presence of coatings (pyrite)

Cold-Water Prey Fish Monitoring and Ecology in Lake Oahe

In Lake Oahe, a large mainstem Missouri river reservoir that spans 375 river kilometers in central North and South Dakota, naturalized Rainbow Smelt are the primary forage species for a regionally important Walleye Sander vitreus fishery. Walleye condition in Lake Oahe is highly correlated to Rainbow Smelt relative abundance through time, the latter species being typified by erratic abundance trends since accidental introduction in 1971. Cisco Coregonus artedii were introduced in the early 1990s to augment the cold-water prey base. We evaluated Lake Oahe cold-water prey base monitoring and dynamics through: 1.) a comparison of two hydroacoustic survey designs, 2.) an evaluation of survey timing and effort for the cold-water prey base, 3.) an evaluation of Rainbow Smelt spawning ecology, 4.) an evaluation of Rainbow Smelt larval life history, and 5.) an analysis of Rainbow Smelt and Cisco recruitment dynamics with extensions to Lake Oahe Walleye. We demonstrated that an abbreviated survey technique using short, longitudinally oriented transects generated comparable data to the more time-intensive historic monitoring plan. We also documented relatively consistent estimates regardless of survey timing. The number of transects required to achieve an acceptable degree of accuracy reflected current practices. Rainbow Smelt spawning was strongly related to water temperature, consistent with observations elsewhere in their range. Steeply sloping and deeper habitats were associated with greater spawning abundance, becoming more pronounced as spring warming proceeded. We also documented faster larval Rainbow Smelt growth at these sites, despite cooler water temperatures. Rainbow Smelt recruitment was related to heating degree days, indicating stronger year class production in earlier springs. Recruitment was also related to lower reservoir elevations, perhaps linked to greater availability of preferred adult spawning habitat. Greater Cisco recruitment was observed following Rainbow Smelt population collapses, consistent with other systems with concurrent populations. Walleye condition, historically responsive to Rainbow Smelt abundances, may have recently decoupled with the availability of alternative prey. Although beneficial to the management of Lake Oahe, the work presented here contributes to the general understanding of Rainbow Smelt and Cisco interactions and recruitment, and offers a simplified methodology for the monitoring and estimation of cold-water prey abundances

The Effect Length of Rest has on Self-rated Pain Relief in Patients Following a Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injection

A lumbar epidural steroid injection is aimed at decreasing inflammation in the low back and causing a residual decrease in low back and radicular pain. There is currently no community standard regarding the amount of bed rest and activity following a lumbar epidural steroid injection (LESI). The aim of this research was to determine if there is a relationship between length of rest and self-rated pain relief, disability and side effects following interlaminar LESIs in a given clinic population. A total of 110 subjects were recruited with an age range between 23 and 85. Mean age of the control group was 50.9 and experimental group mean age was 52.2. No statistical difference in pain relief, level of disability or side effects was found at the two week follow up survey. This research has the potential to influence how patients are cared for after a LESI and provide evidenced based care

Coding strategies for static patterns suitable for UV deflectometry Codierungsstrategien für in der UV-Deflektometrie anwendbare Muster

Abstract We introduce a method based on the deflectometry principle for the inspection of transparent, rotation-symmetric objects with steep angles. Examples are intraocular or strongly curved, aspheric lenses. Usually, an additional reflection at the lens’ back side occurs and disturbs the signal. The solution is to use ultraviolet light which does not penetrate the material. As a consequence, static masks have to be used to generate the fringe pattern. A key feature of our approach is the specification of a spiral pattern, that meets the requirements for ultraviolet deflectometry with static masks. The spiral patterns are decoded by a multi-frequency phase shifting algorithm. We explain the principles of pattern design and present first evaluation results. Furthermore, we introduce a straight forward approach to obtain the absolute coordinates of the screen directly without any unwrapping. This facilitates the reconstruction of the three-dimensional shape of the lens in a subsequent step

Simulationsuntersuchung zur Bestimmung der Degradation hochrobuster Metallisierungssysteme

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