114 research outputs found
Importance of TimeâDependent Wetting Behavior of GasâDiffusion Electrodes for Reactivity Determination
Tin foil and SnOx/C gas-diffusions electrodes (GDEs) were investigated via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to extract the differential double-layer capacitance (Cdl) as a measure of the wetted surface area. Time-dependent Cdl values revealed an immediate stationary wetting for tin foil electrodes while a distinct increase of Cdl â which becomes stationary with time â was observed for GDEs. The time-dependent wetting behavior of the GDEs was substantiated by physical post-mortem characterization. Since the wetted surface area determines the number of reachable active sites the
performance of GDEs should be normalized to the wetted surface area for evaluation of reactivity
Small Horizons
All near horizon geometries of supersymmetric black holes in a N=2, D=5
higher-derivative supergravity theory are classified. Depending on the choice
of near-horizon data we find that either there are no regular horizons, or
horizons exist and the spatial cross-sections of the event horizons are
conformal to a squashed or round S^3, S^1 * S^2, or T^3. If the conformal
factor is constant then the solutions are maximally supersymmetric. If the
conformal factor is not constant, we find that it satisfies a non-linear vortex
equation, and the horizon may admit scalar hair.Comment: 21 pages, latex. Typos corrected and reference adde
Mirror Symmetry in Generalized Calabi-Yau Compactifications
We discuss mirror symmetry in generalized Calabi-Yau compactifications of
type II string theories with background NS fluxes. Starting from type IIB
compactified on Calabi-Yau threefolds with NS three-form flux we show that the
mirror type IIA theory arises from a purely geometrical compactification on a
different class of six-manifolds. These mirror manifolds have SU(3) structure
and are termed half-flat; they are neither complex nor Ricci-flat and their
holonomy group is no longer SU(3). We show that type IIA appropriately
compactified on such manifolds gives the correct mirror-symmetric low-energy
effective action.Comment: 54 pages latex, references added, typos correcte
Cartan's spiral staircase in physics and, in particular, in the gauge theory of dislocations
In 1922, Cartan introduced in differential geometry, besides the Riemannian
curvature, the new concept of torsion. He visualized a homogeneous and
isotropic distribution of torsion in three dimensions (3d) by the "helical
staircase", which he constructed by starting from a 3d Euclidean space and by
defining a new connection via helical motions. We describe this geometric
procedure in detail and define the corresponding connection and the torsion.
The interdisciplinary nature of this subject is already evident from Cartan's
discussion, since he argued - but never proved - that the helical staircase
should correspond to a continuum with constant pressure and constant internal
torque. We discuss where in physics the helical staircase is realized: (i) In
the continuum mechanics of Cosserat media, (ii) in (fairly speculative) 3d
theories of gravity, namely a) in 3d Einstein-Cartan gravity - this is Cartan's
case of constant pressure and constant intrinsic torque - and b) in 3d Poincare
gauge theory with the Mielke-Baekler Lagrangian, and, eventually, (iii) in the
gauge field theory of dislocations of Lazar et al., as we prove for the first
time by arranging a suitable distribution of screw dislocations. Our main
emphasis is on the discussion of dislocation field theory.Comment: 31 pages, 8 figure
CHEMampere: Technologies for sustainable chemical production with renewable electricity and CO2, N2, O2, and H2O
The chemical industry must become carbon neutral by 2050, meaning that process-, energy-, and product-related CO2 emissions from fossil sources are completely suppressed. This goal can only be reached by using renewable energy, secondary raw materials, or CO2 as a carbon source. The latter can be done indirectly through the bioeconomy or directly by utilizing CO2 from air or biogenic sources (integrated biorefinery). Until 2030, CO2 waste from fossil-based processes can be utilized to curb fossil CO2 emissions and reach the turning point of global fossil CO2 emissions. A technology mix consisting of recycling technologies, white biotechnology, and carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies is needed to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. In this context, CHEMampere contributes to the goal of carbon neutrality with electricity-based CCU technologies producing green chemicals from CO2, N2, O2, and H2O in a decentralized manner. This is an alternative to the e-Refinery concept, which needs huge capacities of water electrolysis for a centralized CO2 conversion with green hydrogen, whose demand is expected to rise dramatically due to the decarbonization of the energy sector, which would cause a conflict of use between chemistry and energy. Here, CHEMampere's core reactor technologies, that is, electrolyzers, plasma reactors, and ohmic resistance heating of catalysts, are described, and their technical maturity is evaluated for the CHEMampere platform chemicals NH3, NOx, O3, H2O2, H2, CO, and CxHyOz products such as formic acid or methanol. Downstream processing of these chemicals is also addressed by CHEMampere, but it is not discussed here
Phosphodiesterase 10A Upregulation Contributes to Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) modulate the cellular proliferation involved in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH) by hydrolyzing cAMP and cGMP. The present study was designed to determine whether any of the recently identified PDEs (PDE7-PDE11) contribute to progressive pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH. All in vitro experiments were performed with lung tissue or pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) obtained from control rats or monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertensive (MCT-PH) rats, and we examined the effects of the PDE10 inhibitor papaverine (Pap) and specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). In addition, papaverine was administrated to MCT-induced PH rats from day 21 to day 35 by continuous intravenous infusion to examine the in vivo effects of PDE10A inhibition. We found that PDE10A was predominantly present in the lung vasculature, and the mRNA, protein, and activity levels of PDE10A were all significantly increased in MCT PASMCs compared with control PASMCs. Papaverine and PDE10A siRNA induced an accumulation of intracellular cAMP, activated cAMP response element binding protein and attenuated PASMC proliferation. Intravenous infusion of papaverine in MCT-PH rats resulted in a 40%â50% attenuation of the effects on pulmonary hypertensive hemodynamic parameters and pulmonary vascular remodeling. The present study is the first to demonstrate a central role of PDE10A in progressive pulmonary vascular remodeling, and the results suggest a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of PH
Charcoal kiln sites, associated landscape attributes and historic forest conditions: DTM-based investigations in Hesse (Germany)
Paleogene phreatomagmatic volcanism on the western main fault of the northern Upper Rhine Graben (Kisselwörth diatreme and NiersteinâAstheim Volcanic System, Germany)
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