Dynamic PID loop control

The Horizontal Test Stand (HTS) SRF Cavity and Cryomodule 1 (CM1) of eight 9-cell, 1.3GHz SRF cavities are operating at Fermilab. For the cryogenic control system, how to hold liquid level constant in the cryostat by regulation of its Joule-Thompson JT-valve is very important after cryostat cool down to 2.0 K. The 72-cell cryostat liquid level response generally takes a long time delay after regulating its JT-valve; therefore, typical PID control loop should result in some cryostat parameter oscillations. This paper presents a type of PID parameter self-optimal and Time-Delay control method used to reduce cryogenic system parameters' oscillation.Comment: 7 pp. Cryogenic Engineering Conference and International Cryogenic Materials Conference CEC-ICMC 2011, 13-17 June 2011. Spokane, Washingto

Cryogenics for the superconducting module test facility

A group of laboratories and universities, with Fermilab taking the lead, are constructing a superconducting cryomodule test facility (SMTF) in the Meson Detector Building (MDB) area at Fermilab. The facility will be used for testing and validating designs for both pulsed and CW systems. A multi phase approach is taken to construct the facility. For the initial phase of the project, cryogens for a single cavity cryomodule will be supplied from the existing Cryogenic Test Facility (CTF) that houses three Tevatron satellite refrigerators. The cooling capacity available for cryomodule testing at MDB results from the liquefaction capacity of the CTF cryogenic system. A cryogenic distribution system to supply cryogens from CTF to MDB is under construction. This paper describes plans, status and challenges of the initial phase of the SMTF cryogenic system

Fermilab SRF cryomodule operational experience

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory is constructing an Advanced Accelerator Research and Development facility at New Muon Lab. The cryogenic infrastructure in support of the initial phase of the facility consists of two Tevatron style standalone refrigerators, cryogenic distribution system as well as an ambient temperature pumping system to achieve 2 K operations with supporting purification systems. During this phase of the project a single Type III plus 1.3 GHz cryomodule was installed, cooled and tested. Design constraints of the cryomodule required that the cryomodule individual circuits be cooled at predetermined rates. These constraints required special design solutions to achieve. This paper describes the initial cooldown and operational experience of a 1.3 GHz cryomodule using the New Muon Lab cryogenic system.Comment: 7 pp. Cryogenic Engineering Conference and International Cryogenic Materials Conference CEC-ICMC 2011 13-17 June 2011, Spokane, Washingto

Surge recovery techniques for the Tevatron cold compressors

The Fermilab Tevatron cryogenic system utilizes high-speed centrifugal cold compressors, made by Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. (IHI), for high-energy operations [1]. The compressor is designed to pump 60 g/s of 3.6 K saturated helium vapor at a pressure ratio of 2.8, with an off-design range of 40 to 70 g/s and operating speeds between 40 and 95 krpm. Since initial commissioning in 1993, Tevatron transient conditions such as quench recovery have led to multiple-location machine trips as a result of the cold compressors entering the surge regime. Historically, compressors operating at lower inlet pressures and higher speeds have been especially susceptible to these machine trips and it was not uncommon to have multiple compressor trips during large multiple-house quenches. In order to cope with these events and limit accelerator down time, surge recovery techniques have been implemented in an attempt to prevent the compressors from tripping once the machine entered this surge regime. This paper discusses the different methods of surge recovery that have been employed. Data from tests performed at the Cryogenic Test Facility at Fermilab as well as actual Tevatron operational data were utilized. In order to aid in the determination of the surge region, a full mapping study was undertaken to characterize the entire pressure field of the cold compressor. These techniques were then implemented and tested at several locations in the Tevatron with some success

On small-noise equations with degenerate limiting system arising from volatility models

The one-dimensional SDE with non Lipschitz diffusion coefficient $dX_{t} = b(X_{t})dt + \sigma X_{t}^{\gamma} dB_{t}, \ X_{0}=x, \ \gamma<1$ is widely studied in mathematical finance. Several works have proposed asymptotic analysis of densities and implied volatilities in models involving instances of this equation, based on a careful implementation of saddle-point methods and (essentially) the explicit knowledge of Fourier transforms. Recent research on tail asymptotics for heat kernels [J-D. Deuschel, P.~Friz, A.~Jacquier, and S.~Violante. Marginal density expansions for diffusions and stochastic volatility, part II: Applications. 2013, arxiv:1305.6765] suggests to work with the rescaled variable $X^{\varepsilon}:=\varepsilon^{1/(1-\gamma)} X$: while allowing to turn a space asymptotic problem into a small-$\varepsilon$ problem with fixed terminal point, the process $X^{\varepsilon}$ satisfies a SDE in Wentzell--Freidlin form (i.e. with driving noise $\varepsilon dB$). We prove a pathwise large deviation principle for the process $X^{\varepsilon}$ as $\varepsilon \to 0$. As it will become clear, the limiting ODE governing the large deviations admits infinitely many solutions, a non-standard situation in the Wentzell--Freidlin theory. As for applications, the $\varepsilon$-scaling allows to derive exact log-asymptotics for path functionals of the process: while on the one hand the resulting formulae are confirmed by the CIR-CEV benchmarks, on the other hand the large deviation approach (i) applies to equations with a more general drift term and (ii) potentially opens the way to heat kernel analysis for higher-dimensional diffusions involving such an SDE as a component.Comment: 21 pages, 1 figur

Superconducting radio-frequency modules test facility operating experience

Fermilab is heavily engaged and making strong technical contributions to the superconducting radio-frequency research and development program (SRF R&amp;D). Four major SRF test areas are being constructed to enable vertical and horizontal cavity testing, as well as cryomodule testing. The existing Fermilab cryogenic infrastructure has been modified to service Fermilab SRF R&amp;D needs. The first stage of the project has been successfully completed, which allows for distribution of cryogens for a single cavity cryomodule using the existing Cryogenic Test Facility (CTF) that houses three Tevatron satellite refrigerators. The cooling capacity available for cryomodule testing at MDB results from the liquefaction capacity of the CTF cryogenic system. The cryogenic system for a single 9-cell cryomodule is currently operational. The paper describes the status, challenges and operational experience of the initial phase of the project