Experience in implementing harvest strategies in Australia's south-eastern fisheries

The Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (SESSF) is a complex multi-species fishery, with 34 stock units under quota management, for which a harvest strategy framework was developed in 2005. The framework involves the application of a set of tier-based harvest control rules (HCR) designed to provide a precautionary approach to management. The harvest strategy framework has been applied from 2005 to 2007, resulting in substantial reductions in quotas across the fishery. The experience in implementing the framework, both positive and negative, is described, and general lessons are drawn. Key lessons include the importance of formally testing such strategies using management strategy evaluation, the impact of external management drivers on implementation of the approach, the need to define strategies for setting "bycatch quotas" in multi-species fisheries, and the need for flexibility and pragmatism in the early stages of implementing such an approach

Formation of a ZnS Zn S,O bilayer buffer on CuInS2 thin film solar cell absorbers by chemical bath deposition

The application of Zn compounds as buffer layers was recently extended to wide gap CuInS2 CIS based thin film solar cells. Using a new chemical deposition route for the buffer preparation aiming at the deposition of a single layer, nominal ZnS buffer without the need for any toxic reactants such as, e.g. hydrazine, has helped to achieve a similar efficiency as respective CdS buffered reference devices. In order to shed light on the differences of other Zn compound buffers deposited in conventional chemical baths CBD compared to the buffer layers deposited by this alternative CBD process, the composition of the deposited buffers was investigated by x ray excited Auger electron and x ray photoelectron spectroscopy to potentially clarify their superiority in terms of device performance. We have found that in the early stages of this alternative CBD process a thin ZnS layer is formed on the CIS, whereas in the second half of the CBD the growth rate is greatly increased and Zn S,O with a ZnS ZnS ZnO ratio of approx. 80 is deposited. Thus, a ZnS Zn S,O bi layer buffer is deposited on the CIS thin film solar cell absorbers by the alternative chemical deposition route used in this investigation. No major changes of these findings after a postannealing of the buffer CIS sample series and re characterization could be identified

Solar cells based on Cu In,Ga S2 prepared by a two step process

In this contribution we report about the development of a two step process to prepare Cu In,Ga S2 solar cells. The two steps consist of magnetron sputtering of the metal precursors followed by rapid thermal processing RTP in sulfur vapor. Based on the well known RTP of CuInS2 and preceding experiments with a co evaporation process, we investigated different processes starting with stacked elemental layer SEL of In and Cu Ga with a Cu rich composition [Cu] [In] [Ga] gt;1 . As variation parameters we chose the temperature profile of the RTP, the sequence of the SEL and the amount of sulfur present in the beginning of the thermal processing. The solar cells are finished by a window layer containing a chemical bath deposited CdS buffer and a sputtered i ZnO ZnO Al emitter. It is possible to obtain solar cell efficiencies of 12.2 with a spectral response cut off similar to CuInS2 but a much better current collection, jsc 24.2 mA cm2. Choosing a suitable temperature profile leads to open circuit voltages of 766 mV due to a blue shift of the band gap. First steps are taken to scale up the process for an industrial application by choosing 30x30 cm2 substrate

Towards thin film module production using a simplified CIS process

Since April 2003, the first pilot production for large area thin film solar modules based on CuInS2 CIS is under construction in Berlin. The production line consists of an inline work flow including the five deposition steps and has a projected output of up to 5 MWp. The technology is optimized for maximum simplicity Sputtering techniques are used for all thickness defining process steps preventing homogeneity issues on large areas. Rapid thermal processing is applied for compound formation avoiding a drawn out heating road. A minimized number of utilized materials and wide process windows characterize the preparation process. Analyzing the direct manufacturing costs it is shown that a level of 1.50 Wp is feasible in industrial production already at a capacity of 5 MWp

Solar cells based on CuInS2 an overview

Over the recent years CuInS2 has emerged as a promising absorber material for thin film photovoltaic modules. A pilot production line for full size 120 x 60 ?cm 2 modules is currently being established. CuInS 2 preparation, material properties, and cell structure are in many aspects comparable to those of the more widely researched selenium containing chalcopyrite absorbers but there are also unique features of this material. In this contribution we give an overview of the historical development, current status, and near to mid term future of CuInS 2 based device

Longer-term impact of hemiparetic stroke on skeletal muscle metabolism - a pilot study

BACKGROUND: Hemiparetic stroke leads to structural and metabolic alterations of skeletal muscle tissue, thereby contributing to functional impairment associated with stroke. In situ metabolic processes at tissue level in skeletal muscle have not been investigated. We hypothesize that muscular metabolic capacity is limited after hemiparetic stroke, and that changes affect rather the paretic than non-paretic limb. METHODS: Nine male hemiparetic stroke survivors (age, 62 +/- 8years; BMI, 28 +/- 4kg/m(2); median stroke latency, 23months ranging from 7 to 34months poststroke) underwent dynamic in situ measurements of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at fasting condition and during oral glucose tolerance testing, using bilateral microdialysis. Results were compared to 8 healthy male subjects of similar age and BMI. RESULTS: Tissue perfusion, fasting and postprandial profiles of interstitial metabolites glucose, pyruvate, lactate and glycerol did not differ between paretic and non-paretic muscle. Patients displayed higher fasting and postprandial dialysate glycerol levels compared to controls (P<0.001) with elevated plasma FFA (fasting FFA; 0.63 +/- 0.23 vs. 0.29 +/- 0.17mmol/L; P=0.004). Glycolytic activity was higher in patients vs. controls, with increased lactate production upon glucose load (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: An elevated lipolytic and glycolytic activity on tissue level suggests an impaired substrate metabolism with blunted oxidative metabolism in bilateral skeletal muscle in patients after hemiparetic stroke. Muscular metabolic properties did not differ between paretic and non-paretic leg. Further work is needed to investigate the clinical impact of this impaired muscular metabolic capacity in post-stroke patients

Surface Off Stoichiometry of CuInS2 Thin Film Solar Cell Absorbers

International audienceX-ray photoelectron and x-ray-excited Auger electron spectroscopy was used to investigate the chemical surface structure of CuInS2 thin-film solar cell absorbers. We find that the [In]/[Cu] surface composition can vary between 1.6 (± 0.4) and 3.7 (± 0.7), depending on relatively minor variations in the absorber formation process and/or whether additional wet-chemical treatments are performed. These variations are primarily due to differences in the Cu surface concentration. The corresponding change of the modified In Auger parameter is interpreted as being indicative for a change of the chemical environment of In as a function of Cu off-stoichiometry