Photoresponsive polyolefins

This chapter discusses briefly the photoresponsive polymeric systems in general and the need for photoresponsive commodity polymers, followed by recent developments of photoresponsive polyolefins with suitable examples. Tremendous progress has been made in the fabrication of photoresponsive hydrogels and liquid crystalline networks (LCNs) with the development of next generation micro-devices that are capable of mimicking natural movements. Polyolefins can range from ultra-rigid thermosets to high-performance elastomers via all conceivable thermoplastic and elastoplastic materials in between. In order to make photoresponsive polyolefin-based micro-devices, researchers combined well-known responsive properties of LC materials with polyolefins. Apart from photoactuators based on polyolefins, photopattering, or surface micro-patterning of polyethylene (PE) films have wide range of applications including in optical recording, optical memory devices, sensors, biofouling, and tissue engineering. One of the major challenges to be addressed during the development of polyolefin- based photoresponsive materials is photo-oxidative degradation

The effects of the age of male early life circumcision on sexual functions later in life

INTRODUCTION: According to psychoanalytic theory performing circumcision on a boy in phallic phase may aggravate this fear and cause sexual dysfunctions later in life. However this hypothesis is an unverified common-view rather than a scientifically proven conclusion. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that being circumcised during phallic phase is not a risk factor for sexual dysfunction. We also took a peak at how the experience of circumcision is being perceived and its psychological effects. Our secondary hypothesis was, sexual dysfunctions are more frequent among men who had a traumatic circumcision experience. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, a total of 2768 sexually active, circumcised and voluntary men were recruited from 20 different urology outpatient clinics around Turkey. RESULTS: There was no significant difference for PEDT and IIEF scores between participants who were circumcised at different ages (Graph-1,2). When participants were divided into 3 groups according to their circumcision age in accordance with psychoanalytic theory (before, after and during phallic phase) mean IIEF and PEDT scores did not differ. PEDT scores did not differ either by which emotion the participant describe their experience of circumcision or how vividly he remembered it. However participants who remembered their circumcision experience more vividly and had who describe their circumcision experience with fear/anxiety had a higher IIEF score (Graph-3). [Figure: see text] [Figure: see text] [Figure: see text] CONCLUSIONS: The age of circumcision does not affect the risk of PE. This is one of the very few studies that challenges psychoanalytic theory with a scientific method. Remembering the circumcision experience with fear or anxiety did not increase the risk of sexual dysfunctions