Effect of Garlic Juice on Quality Changes of Oyster (Crassostrea Belcheri) Meat During Chilled Storage

Surat-thani oyster, a big and thin-shell bivalve mollusks, has been registered as Geographical Indicators, GI, as its good taste and delicacy as well as nutritious. Eaten style is raw then there is high risk to face with some disease as oyster is filter feeder. Physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities after the oyster meat treated with the garlic juice at 0, 2 and 3 ml, respectively were monitored. Though initial pH of the control, untreated with garlic juice, was higher compared with the sample treated with 3 ml garlic juice, pH of it (control) was significantly lower (p5) at the end of the storag

<i>Ba-CaM</i> spatial expression pattern in the sagittal sections of <i>B. amphitrite</i> cyprids.

<p>The HE staining image (A) shows a clear larval histology. Blue color stained by haematoxylin indicated nuclei, while red color by eosin indicated basic proteins or muscle fibers. Lenses of compound eyes and intracellular substances (maybe cement proteins) in the cement gland were stained by eosin. Positive signals were detected from the sections hybridized with the anti-sense probe (B). Section hybridized with the sense probe served as a control (C). (E) Detail of the cyprid compound eye and cement glands. (F) Detail of the cyprid posterior ganglion. Ce, compound eye; Cg, cement gland; Pg, posterior ganglion; Ta, thorax. Scale bars = 100 µm.</p

Multiple alignment of the amino acid sequence of CaM in <i>B. amphitrite</i> with its homologs in sponge (BAB61797.1), sea anemone (BAB61796.1), sea slug (NP_001191509.1), copepod (ACO10440.1), sea urchin (BAB89360.1), ascidian (NP_001027633.1), hagfish (AAD56955.1), frog (NP_001080864.1), bovine (NP_001159980.1), mouse (AAH54805.1), and human (AAD45181.1).

<p>Amino acids are numbered and asterisks (*) indicate the identical amino acids. The four EF-hand domains are underlined and the letters in boxes show the conserved tyrosine (Y) residues generally found in most invertebrates. The numbers above the sequences show the amino acid position. The shaded areas are EF-hand domains.</p

Southern blot of digested genomic DNA for the identification of the copy number of <i>Ba-CaM</i> gene.

<p>Genomic DNA was digested with various restriction enzymes including <i>Bam</i>HI, <i>Bgl</i>II, <i>Eco</i>RI, <i>Hind</i>III, <i>Nco</i>I, and <i>Ssp</i>I.</p

<i>Ba-MLCK and Ba-CaMKII</i> mRNA expression levels in different developmental stages of <i>B. amphitrite</i>.

<p>Relative gene expression levels of <i>MLCK</i> (A) and <i>CaMKII</i> (B) were detected by using real-time PCR in stage VI nauplius (nau6), cyprid (cyp) and juvenile (juv). Bars represent the mean ± SD (n = 3). Asterisks (*) indicate significant differences compared with the positive control (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

<i>Ba-CaM</i> mRNA expression levels in different developmental stages of <i>B. amphitrite</i> detected by real-time PCR.

<p>The stages included stage VI nauplius (nau6), cyprid (cyp) and juvenile (juv). Bars represent the mean ± SD (n = 3). An Asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference compared with the positive control (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

The effect of inhibitors on larval settlement of <i>B. amphitrite</i>.

<p>Inhibitor assays using (A) the CaM inhibitor compound 48/80, (B) the MLCK inhibitor ML-7, (C) the CaMKII inhibitor KN-62, and (D) the CaMKII inhibitor AIP. Data presented are the means ± SD (n = 5). Asterisks (*) indicate significant differences compared with the positive control (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

The complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of CaM in <i>B. amphitrite</i>.

<p>The nucleotides and amino acids are numbered on the left of the sequences. The sequences in the box show the whole open reading frame. An asterisk (*) represents the stop codon at the end of the coding sequence.</p

Table_1_Faint chemical traces of conspecifics delay settlement of barnacle larvae.xlsx

Larval settlement drives population and community dynamics and evolution of marine invertebrates. While it is well known that larvae sense a variety of biological and environmental factors, there is limited information on how they react to specific factors so as to locate settlement sites. Proteinaceous Waterborne Settlement Pheromone (WSP) was purified from adult barnacles, Amphibalanus amphitrite, in a previous study, but it is unclear how WSP guides barnacle cyprids to the source. Here, a series of settlement assays were conducted to investigate the concentration dependence of recombinant WSP. We report that low concentrations of barnacle WSP decrease the probability of settlement of conspecific cyprids, whereas high concentrations have the opposite effect. We suggest that this is because weak WSP informs cyprids that suitable settlement sites with adult barnacles are distant, inducing them to extend the larval phase. The present study clearly shows that larvae use WSP concentration, rather than presence/absence information. In barnacles, several other conspecific chemical/visual cues also attract larvae. This study opens the door to future research to determine how these cues influence larval behavior in nature.</p

DataSheet_1_Faint chemical traces of conspecifics delay settlement of barnacle larvae.pdf

Larval settlement drives population and community dynamics and evolution of marine invertebrates. While it is well known that larvae sense a variety of biological and environmental factors, there is limited information on how they react to specific factors so as to locate settlement sites. Proteinaceous Waterborne Settlement Pheromone (WSP) was purified from adult barnacles, Amphibalanus amphitrite, in a previous study, but it is unclear how WSP guides barnacle cyprids to the source. Here, a series of settlement assays were conducted to investigate the concentration dependence of recombinant WSP. We report that low concentrations of barnacle WSP decrease the probability of settlement of conspecific cyprids, whereas high concentrations have the opposite effect. We suggest that this is because weak WSP informs cyprids that suitable settlement sites with adult barnacles are distant, inducing them to extend the larval phase. The present study clearly shows that larvae use WSP concentration, rather than presence/absence information. In barnacles, several other conspecific chemical/visual cues also attract larvae. This study opens the door to future research to determine how these cues influence larval behavior in nature.</p