A Unique Feature of the Asian Summer Monsoon Response to Global Warming: The Role of Different Land–Sea Thermal Contrast Change between the Lower and Upper Troposphere

Recent studies indicate that the view of a general weakening of the monsoon circulation in a warmer climate cannot be simply applied in the Asian monsoon regions. To understand the Asian summer monsoon response to global warming, idealized multi-model experiments are analyzed. In the coupled model response to increased CO2, monsoon westerlies in the lower troposphere are shifted poleward and slightly strengthened over land including South Asia and East Asia, while the tropical easterly jet in the upper troposphere are broadly weakened. The different circulation responses between the lower and upper troposphere is associated with vertically opposite changes in the meridional temperature gradient (MTG) between the Eurasian continent and the tropical Indian Ocean, with a strengthening (weakening) in the lower (upper) troposphere. Atmospheric model experiments to separate the effects of CO2 radiative forcing and sea surface temperature warming reveal that the strengthened MTG in the lower troposphere is explained by the CO2 forcing. On a global perspective, CO2-induced enhancement of the land–sea thermal contrast and resultant circulation changes are the most influential in the South Asian monsoon. This study emphasizes an important role of the land warming on the Asian monsoon response to global warming

Vibrational spectra and normal coordinate analysis of lithium pyruvate monohydrate and its isotopic compounds

IR and Raman spectra of lithium pyruvate monohydrate and its O- and C-deuterated and 13C- and 18O-substituted compounds have been recorded in the solid state, and the observed bands have been assigned by using the isotope effects and the normal coordinate calculations based on the gem-diol structure (lithium 2,2-dihydroxypropionate). The refined force constants have well reproduced the observed frequencies and the 13C- and 18O-shifts. These results support the structures of these compounds discussed by many authors. The potential energy distributions show that many vibrational modes are very complicated except for the well-known group vibrations. The additive property of the isotopic frequency shifts has also been discussed

Combined effects of recent Pacific cooling and Indian Ocean warming on the Asian monsoon

Recent research indicates that the cooling trend in the tropical Pacific Ocean over the past 15 years underlies the contemporaneous hiatus in global mean temperature increase. During the hiatus, the tropical Pacific Ocean displays a La Niña-like cooling pattern while sea surface temperature (SST) in the Indian Ocean has continued to increase. This SST pattern differs from the well-known La Niña-induced basin-wide cooling across the Indian Ocean on the interannual timescale. Here, based on model experiments, we show that the SST pattern during the hiatus explains pronounced regional anomalies of rainfall in the Asian monsoon region and thermodynamic effects due to specific humidity change are secondary. Specifically, Indo-Pacific SST anomalies cause convection to intensify over the tropical western Pacific, which in turn suppresses rainfall in mid-latitude East Asia through atmospheric teleconnection. Overall, the tropical Pacific SST effect opposes and is greater than the Indian Ocean SST effect

Synthesis and crystal structure of (S)-5-isopropyl-5-methyl-2-thiohydantoin

(S)-5-Isopropyl-5-methyl-2-thiohydantoin was synthesized by one-pot reaction of α-methyl-L-valine and thiourea in the absence of solvent. The crystal structure of this compound has been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. This is the first report on the crystal structure of a homochiral 5-substituted 2-thiohydantoin with the unsubstituted NH groups. This compound, C7H12N2OS crystallizes in the chiral orthorhombic space group P212121 with four molecules in the unit cell. The unit cell parameters are: a = 8.2798(12) Å, b = 8.6024(13) Å, c = 12.826(2) Å and V = 913.6(2) Å3. In the crystals, the thioamide and amide N-H of one molecule are hydrogen-bonded to the thioamide C=S group of neighboring molecules to form rings with the R22(8) graph-set motif, and these rings are linked into infinite one-dimensional tapes

Tropical cyclone projections: changing climate threats for Pacific island defense installations

Potential changing climate threats in the tropical and subtropical North Pacific Ocean were assessed, using coupled ocean-atmosphere and atmosphere-only general circulation models, to explore their response to projected increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Tropical cyclone occurrence, described by frequency and intensity, near islands housing major U.S. defense installations was the primary focus. Four island regions-Guam and Kwajalein Atoll in the tropical northwestern Pacific, Okinawa in the subtropical northwestern Pacific, and Oahu in the tropical north-central Pacific-were considered, as they provide unique climate and geographical characteristics that either enhance or reduce the tropical cyclone risk. Guam experiences the most frequent and severe tropical cyclones, which often originate as weak systems close to the equator near Kwajalein and sometimes track far enough north to affect Okinawa, whereas intense storms are the least frequent around Oahu. From assessments of models that simulate well the tropical Pacific climate, it was determined that, with a projected warming climate, the number of tropical cyclones is likely to decrease for Guam and Kwajalein but remain about the same near Okinawa and Oahu; however, the maximum intensity of the strongest storms may increase in most regions. The likelihood of fewer but stronger storms will necessitate new localized assessments of the risk and vulnerabilities to tropical cyclones in the North Pacific

Crystal structures and conformations of 5-benzyl-2-thiohydantoin and its 1-acetylated derivative

金沢大学理工研究域物質化学系The crystal structures of 5-benzyl-2-thiohydantoin (5-BTH) and 1-acetyl-5-benzyl-2-thiohydantoin (1-Ac-5-BTH) have been determined by X-ray diffraction. In the 5-BTH crystals, the enantiomeric (R)- and (S)-5-BTH molecules are connected to form cyclic dimers via the hydrogen bonds of the thioamide and the amide moieties. On the other hand, the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in 1-Ac-5-BTH crystals form an infinite chain. These differences in the hydrogen bond pattern are also discussed in the IR and Raman spectra. The ab initio molecular orbital calculations (Gaussian 03) with 6-31G(d,p) basis set were carried out for 5-BTH and 1-Ac-5-BTH to get the preferred conformation. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.全文公開20100

Crystal structure of o-(p-N,N-dimethylaminobenzoyl)benzoic acid

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科先端機能物質金沢大学工学

Future changes in tropical cyclone activity in the North Indian Ocean projected by high-resolution MRI-AGCMs

Open Access at publisher's web site: http://www.springerlink.com/content/b682734237171631

AsiaPEX:Challenges and Prospects in Asian Precipitation Research

The Asian Precipitation Experiment (AsiaPEX) was initiated in 2019 to understand terrestrial precipitation over diverse hydroclimatological conditions for improved predictions, disaster reduction, and sustainable development across Asia under the framework of the Global Hydroclimatology Panel (GHP)/Global Energy and Water Exchanges (GEWEX). AsiaPEX is the successor to GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME; 1995-2005) and Monsoon Asian Hydro-Atmosphere Scientific Research and Prediction Initiative (MAHASRI; 2006-16). While retaining the key objectives of the aforementioned projects, the scientific targets of AsiaPEX focus on land-atmosphere coupling and improvements to the predictability of the Asian hydroclimatological system. AsiaPEX was designed for both fine-scale hydroclimatological processes occurring at the land surface and the integrated Asian hydroclimatological system characterized by multiscale interactions. We adopt six approaches including observation, process studies, scale interactions, high-resolution hydrological modeling, field campaigns, and climate projection, which bridge gaps in research activities conducted in different regions. Collaboration with mesoscale and global modeling researchers is one of the core methods in AsiaPEX. We review these strategies based on the literature and our initial outcomes. These include the estimation and validation of highresolution satellite precipitation, investigations of extreme rainfall mechanisms, field campaigns over the Maritime Continent and Tibetan Plateau, areas of significant impact on the entire AsiaPEX region, process studies on diurnal- to interdecadal-scale interactions, and evaluation of the predictabilities of climate models for long-term variabilities. We will conduct integrated observational and modeling initiative, the Asian Monsoon Year (AMY)-II around 2025-28, whose strategies are the subregional observation platforms and integrated global analysis.</p