Interventions for Students with Problem Behaviors: A Workshop Incorporating Applied Behavior Analysis for Japanese Teachers

[Background] We conducted a workshop-style program based on applied behavior analysis (ABA) for Japanese teachers in charge of children with developmental disabilities who had behavioral problems. Additionally, we investigated whether making and implementing behavioral intervention plans (BIPs) for participants, improved students’ behavioral problems, and the mental health of participants. [Methods] The participants were 18 Japanese elementary and kindergarten teachers in charge of students with behavioral problems. The workshop comprised eight two-hour sessions of lectures and group discussions related to ABA. Achievement level was evaluated for the development and implementation of the BIP and improvement of behavioral problems. In addition, we analyzed changes in the 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) scores pre- and post-workshop to assess participants’ mental health. Fifteen teachers who participated in more than half of the sessions were analyzed. [Results] All 15 teachers analyzed were able to perform appropriate functional behavioral assessment (FBA) and make a BIP, and 12 showed improvement in the targeted problem behaviors. Many target behaviors had avoidance functions and many antecedent strategies were behavior contracts. Adaptive behaviors incompatible with problem behaviors were selected as alternative behaviors to problem behaviors. Also, there was no aversive control over the outcome strategy. The average score for “social activity disorder” and “anxiety / caprice” in GHQ30 showed a statistically significant improvement in pre- and post-workshop. [Conclusion] It was found that appropriate FAB and BIP could be created using “the strategy sheet,” in workshops based on the ABA. It was also suggested that the workshop program may in turn improve teachers’ mental health. Further study is needed on the effectiveness of the workshop program using intergroup comparison designs for more subjects

高リン食摂取ラットの腎におけるシトクロームp450, HSP-70, HO-1, iNOSの発現

Five-week-old rats were fed on a diet containing phosphorus either at 0.3% (control diet) or at 1.5% (high P diet) for 21 days. Mitochondrial, microsomal, cytosol fractions were obtained from the kidney by the usual method. Kidney of rat fed on high P diet contained high concentration of calcium, and its function was impaired because of excessive calcium. In this case, many stress defensive proteins like cytochrome p-450, HSP-70, HO-1, iNOS in kidney seem to appear. Then those proteins in those fractions were detected by the western blotting method. Contents of cytochrome p-450, HSP-70 and iNOS in three fractions were almost the same between in control diet rats and high P diet rats. On the other hand, HO-1 was not detected in three fractions of control rats, but it was detected in high P rats. HO-1 may play some defensive roles in environmental condition, that is, the cellular high calcium concentration

高リン食で飼育したラットの腎無細胞画分のCa,Mg,P量と脂肪酸組成

We studied the alteration of kidney function with increase kidney calcium, magnesium and phosphorus contents in rats fed a high-phosphorus diet. Five-week-old male SD rats were used. The rats were fed a diet with either a control (0.3%) or a high (1.5%) level of phosphorus for 20 days. Body weight gain and food intake were depressed, and nephrocalcinosis was determined by analysis of kidney calcium in rats fed a 1.5% phosphorus diet. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus contents of nucleus fraction, mitochondrial fraction, microsomal fraction and cytosol of kidney were determined. And composition of fatty acid and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)in each fraction were measured. In every fraction from rats fed a 1.5% phosphorus diet, contents of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were significantly elevated than those of a control diet. Composition of fatty acid of mitochondrial fraction and microsomal fraction in rats fed a 1.5% phosphorus diet were different from those of a control diet. But TBARS in the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions were same

高リン食摂取がラット腎ミトコンドリアの膨潤に及ぼす影響

Five-week-old rats were fed on a diet containing phosphorus either at 0.3% (control diet) or at 1.5% (high p diet) for 21 days. Mitochondrial fraction was obtained from the kidney by the usual method. We investigated mitochondrial function as the indicator of mitochondrial swelling. When the substrate was not added to medium, mitochondria of rats fed a control diet or rats fed a high p diet showed swelling at 15% each in 60 minutes. When 5mM glutamate and 0.5mM malate were added, mitochondria of rats fed a control diet showed swelling. But the mitochondrial swelling was not observed in rats fed a high p diet and cytochrome C content in this group was lower than that of the control group. The possibility of mitochondrial functional disorder by excessive calcium was suggested

ラットのカルシウム吸収に及ぼす骨粉末の影響

We investigated the effect of dietary bone powder on the absorption of calcium in rats. Bone powder was used as a source of calcium. We used the test diets containing bone powder or bone powder mix. Five-week-old rats were divided into three groups. Each group was fed a control diet or a test diet for 3 weeks. All diets contained the same amounts of calcium(0.52%), phosphorus(0.40%) and magnesium(0.30%). Calcium absorption ratio, calcium retention ratio and the amount of femur calcium of rats fed the test diets did not differ from those of the control diet group. Calcium absorption ratio of rats fed bone powder mix and the amount of femur calcium of rats fed both bone powder diets were slightly higher than those of rats fed a control diet. The concentration of femur calcium was significantly increased in rats fed the two bone powder diets. These results suggest that the ingestion of powdered bones was imagined to be valid for bony health

キシロオリゴ糖のラットカルシウム吸収促進効果に対するガラクトマンナン,グルコノ-δ-ラクトンの影響

We investigated the effect of dietary saccharides on the absorption of calcium in rats. Calcium L-lactate was used as a source of calcium. We used the test diets containing xylooligosaccharide(XO), Galactomannan(GM)and Glucono-δ-lactone(GL). In experiment 1, five-week-old rats, were divided into four groups. Each group was fed a control diet or a test diet(1.2%XO or 1.0%GM or 0.7%GL)for 3 weeks. In exp.2, each group of rats was fed a control diet or a test diet(1.2%XO or 1.2%XO・1.0%GM or 1.2%XO・0.7%GL). In exp.3, rats were divided into two groups, and were fed a control diet or a test diet(1.2%XO・1.0%GM・0.7%GL). In exp.4, rats were divided into four groups and each group was fed a control diet or a test diet(5%XO or 5%GM or 5%GL). All diets contained the same amounts of Ca(0.52%)and phosphorus(0.40%). In exp.1 and exp.2, Ca absorption ratios in the test diet did not differ from those in the control diet group. In exp.3, Ca absorption ratio and Ca contents of femur were significantly increased in the test diet group. In exp.4, Ca absorption ratio was significantly increased in the 5%XO diet group. In the XO diet, a positive effect of Ca absorption was observed in the 5%XO diet group, but not in the 1.2%XO diet group. The addition of 1.0%GM and 0.7%GL to 1.2%XO promoted Ca absorption effect of 1.2%XO. These results suggest that increased Ca absorption by mixture of XO, GM and GL was due to their synergistic effect

Examination of Selective Low-pressure Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Under Ultrasound Guidance

Cytology by fine-needle cytology is indispensable for diagnosing head and neck tumor, especially for thyroid nodule. There are two methods of fine needle cytology; one of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC and another of fine-needle non-aspiration cytology (FNNAC). These previous procedures has each disadvantage such as the mixing of blood or low yield of cells. We proposed a new technique: selective low-pressure fine needle aspiration cytology (SLOP-FNAC) to overcome the backwards of previous procedures. We used the scoring system by Mair et al. to evaluate smear quality of specimens obtained with FNNAC and SLOP-FNAC. SLOP-FNAC smears exhibited higher scores in amount of cellular material, degree of cellular degeneration and cell yield, and retention of appropriate architecture compared to FNNAC smears. The SLOP-FNAC smears scored significantly higher for amount of cellular material and retention of appropriate architecture evaluated (P = 0.0261 and P = 0.0024, Student’s t-test). SLOP-FNAC may be a useful cell sampling technique that reduces blood contamination while securing a high cell yield with maintaining tissue structure

ラットのカルシウム吸収に及ぼすL型発酵乳酸カルシウムの影響

We investigated the effect of fermentation calcium L-lactate on the absorption of calcium in rats. Calcium carbonate was used as a source of calcium of control diet and fermentation calcium L-lactate was used as a source of calcium of test diet. Five-week-old rats were divided into two groups, one group was fed a control diet and another group was fed a test diet for 3 weeks. Both diets contained the same amounts of calcium (0.52%), phosphorus (0.40%) and magnesium (0.05%). Calcium absorption ratio, calcium retention ratio and the concentration of femur calcium of rats fed a test diets did not differ from a control diet group. The amount of femur calcium of rats fed a test diet was slightly higher than those of rats fed a control diet. These results suggest that the ingestion of fermentation calcium L-lactate was imagined to be valid for bony health

Status of 48Ca double beta decay search in CANDLES

We study a strategy to reduce veto-time in the search for neutrino-less double-beta decay (0υββ) with CANDLES-III system. We develop a new likelihood analysis and apply it to our new Run010 data. We show that we can increase the un-vetoed live-time by 11.8%. Thanks to this improvements, We expect to increase a limit on the life-time of 0υββ by a factor of three by analyzing both Run009 and Run010 data

高リン食投与がラットの腎臓カルシウム,マグネシウム量及び腎機能に及ぼす影響

We studied the alteration of kidney function with increased kidney contents of calcium and magnesium in rats fed a high-phosphorus diet. Five-week-old male SD rats were used. The rats were fed a diet with either a control (0.3%) or a high (1.5%) level of phosphorus for 21 days. Body weight gain and food intake were depressed, and kidney calcium and magnesium concentrations increased in rats fed a 1.5% phosphorus diet. The concentrations of magnesium and phosphorus in plasma decreased in rats fed a 1.5% phosphorus diet, but the concentration of calcium was not changed. As indicators of kidney function, plasma urea nitrogen concentration was higher and plasma uric acid concentration was lower than those of rats fed a control diet. TEARS in the kidney tissue of a high phosphorus diet rats was lower than that of rats fed a control diet. DHA was significantly low in fed a high phosphorus diet. These facts with high calcium and magnesium contents in kidney may have relation to reduction of kidney function