Les contraintes du milieu et la gestion de la politique étrangère canadienne de 1976 à 1978

The direction and pace of efforts to co-ordinate the foreign policy making process within the executive branch of middle-size states may depend on subtle but cumulatively important shiefs in domestic and external environments. The experience of the Canadian government from 1976 to 1978 suggests the effects which four types of environmental change can have. The approach of a federal election was accompanied by a reduced emphasis on the formal procedures of the structured cabinet committee System instituted in the early years of the first Trudeau government. An increased threat to national unity, as registered in the November 1976 election of a Parti Québécois majority provincial government, concentrated decisional activity at the very centre of government, and had only indirect effects on the formal foreign policy planning process. Concern with persistent economic dilemmas, registered most clearly in the imposition of an expenditure restraint programme in August 1978, directly increased the use of the budgetary process and prompted moves toward foreign service integration. And the intensification of a decline in tension in relations with the United States, and the accompanying emergence of new global problems, led, in turn, to a transfer of dynamic, creative co-ordinatively-oriented leadership into the Department of External Affairs, a reorganization of the Department, and a strong stress on re-orienting its role toward that of a modem central policy agency

Une ouverture sur le monde: la nouvelle politique étrangère canadienne du gouvernement Chrétien

When the Liberal government of Jean Chrétien was elected with its strong majority mandate in October 1993, there were few prospects of any substantial change in the long established liberal-internationalist foundations of Canadian foreign policy. As the government moves into the second half of its mandate, however, it is clear that important change has taken place. Both Pearsonian internationalism and Trudeauvian nationalism have been swept away as the central elements in Canadian foreign policy, in favour of an assertive globalism. Although many of these changes were introduced by the Mulroney government and flourished in its later years, under Chrétien the transformation has acquired new strength and speed. Yet because it is largely a reactive rather than strategic process, devoid of the vision which Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau brought into office, there mil continue to be periodic]'allures, difficult adjustments and opportunities missed

North American Health Governance: Shocks, Summitry, and Societal Support

Cross-border health challenges have led to innovative governance responses. No longer able to go it alone, actors must coordinate their efforts with their partners. The 2009 outbreak of swine influenza (H1N1), the earlier scare of avian influenza (H5N1), and the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 forced the members of the North American Free Trade Agreement to tackle health challenges. Officials, ministers, and leaders collaborated in an effort to achieve a mutually beneficial outcome. These successive shocks, which struck with increasing simultaneity and shared severity, raised trilateral cooperation higher, while North American summitry sustained it.Los retos fronterizos de salud han llevado a los gobiernos a dar respuestas innovadoras. Como los actores ya no pueden actuar solos, deben coordinar sus esfuerzos con sus socios. El brote de influenza (H1N1) de 2009, el temor anterior que provocó la influenza aviar (H5N1) y la propagación del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS) en 2003 forzaron a los miembros del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte a abordar tales desafíos. Los funcionarios, los ministros y los líderes colaboraron en un intento de lograr resultados mutuamente beneficiosos. Estos shocks sucesivos, que golpearon con una creciente simultaneidad y severidad compartida, elevaron los niveles de cooperación trilateral, mientras las reuniones cumbres los sustentaron