Drug utilization study of antibiotics in infectious diseases in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Infectious diseases represent a major cause of mortality and morbidity in India. Irrational use of antibiotics can cause increase adverse drug reaction, leading to antibiotic resistance and increase in the treatment cost. Hence pattern of use of antibiotics need to be studied, therefore the aim of our study is to observe the antibiotics prescription pattern and drug utilization in department of medicine indoor patients at our tertiary care hospital.Methods: This was a prospective observational study carried out among indoor patients admitted in medicine ward and was conducted between January 2018 to March 2018 in Basaveshwara Teaching and General Hospital attached to M.R. Medical College, Kalaburagi. The data that was obtained was analysed and presented as percentages using descriptive statistics.Results: 100 patients were enrolled. The main reasons for admission were for diagnosis of respiratory tract infection (36%), GIT disorders (24%), Zoonotic disease (10%), Urinary tract infection (19%) and viral fever (11%). Most common antibiotic prescribed was ceftriaxone (40%), followed by piperacillin (26%). Average number of antibiotics per prescription was 1.7.Conclusions: For a wide spectrum of clinical diagnoses variety of drugs were utilized from various drug classes. Results showed that Cephalosporin was extensively used. As antibiotics are most commonly prescribed drugs and report of misuse is not uncommon so proper strategy like educational intervention and antibiotic policy are necessary to control this

Viddha karma in timira roga - A single case study

Conditions with gradual loss of vision leading to blindness, is considered as Timira (Myopic Astigmatism). The clinical features of timira are dominated by the type of dosha vitiated where as the severity of the disease is dependant upon the number of patalas involved. As per Acharya Vagbhatta Drishti Mandal of Netra is developed from Kapha and Rakta[1]. Drishti Indriya is also developed from Teja Mahabhuta[2]. A case study of Timira Roga had been taken for understanding the effect of Vidhha Karma in Timira roga presented by a 21-year old female who came to Shalakya Netra roga OPD in  Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Ayurved & Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune – 18 of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune (Deemed to be University), Maharashtra, India. Alochaka pitta is situated in netra. Rakta dhatu is the ashray sthana of pitta dosha as per ashrayaashrayi bhaav. In Timira roga, vitiated dosha which is located at the patala comes out with the rakta by the help of sira-vedhana. Sira vedhana or viddha karma causes samprapti- bhang of timira roga and gives clear vision to the patient. In vidhha karma, avyakta rakta srava is always attained, therefore vidhha karma is useful in timira roga

Serum immunoglobulin G, M and A response to Cryptosporidium parvum in Cryptosporidium-HIV co-infected patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Cryptosporidium parvum</it>, the protozoan parasite, causes a significant enteric disease in immunocompromised hosts such as HIV patients. The present study was aimed to compare serum IgG, IgM and IgA responses to crude soluble antigen of <it>C. parvum </it>in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients co-infected with <it>Cryptosporidium </it>and to correlate the responses with symptomatology.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p><it>Cryptosporidium parvum </it>specific serum antibody (IgG, IgM and IgA) responses were assessed by ELISA in 11 HIV seropositive <it>Cryptosporidium </it>positive (Group I), 20 HIV seropositive <it>Cryptosporidium </it>negative (Group II), 10 HIV seronegative <it>Cryptosporidium </it>positive (Group III), 20 HIV seronegative <it>Cryptosporidium </it>negative healthy individuals (Group IV) and 25 patients with other parasitic diseases (Group V).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A positive IgG and IgA antibody response was observed in significantly higher number of <it>Cryptosporidium </it>infected individuals (Gp I and III) compared to <it>Cryptosporidium </it>un-infected individuals (Gp II, IV and V) irrespective of HIV/immune status. Sensitivity of IgG ELISA in our study was found to be higher as compared to IgM and IgA ELISA. The number of patients with positive IgG, IgM and IgA response was not significantly different in HIV seropositive <it>Cryptosporidium </it>positive patients with diarrhoea when compared to patients without diarrhoea and in patients with CD4 counts <200 when compared to patients with CD4 counts >200 cells/μl.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The study showed specific serum IgG and IgA production in patients infected with <it>Cryptosporidium</it>, both HIV seropositive and seronegative as compared to uninfected subjects suggesting induction of <it>Cryptosporidium </it>specific humoral immune response in infected subjects. However, there was no difference in number of patients with positive response in HIV seropositive or seronegative groups indicating that HIV status may not be playing significant role in modulation of <it>Cryptosporidium </it>specific antibody responses. The number of patients with positive IgG, IgM and IgA response was not significantly different in patients with or without history of diarrhoea thereby indicating that <it>Cryptosporidium </it>specific antibody responses may not be necessarily associated with protection from symptomatology.</p

Effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding awareness of biomedical waste management, among paramedical & sanitary staff in hospitals of Ujjain city

Background: Almost 80% of health care waste is comparable to domestic waste; the remaining approximately 20% is considered hazardous, as it may be infectious, toxic and/or radioactive. Infectious and anatomic wastes together represent most of the hazardous waste, up to 15% of the total waste from healthcare activities.Developed countries generate on an average up to 0.5 kg of hazardous waste per bed per day; Whereas developing countries generate on an average 0.2 kg of hazardous waste per hospital bed per day &amp; this figure for India is 0.33 million ton biomedical waste per year, mounting to 1-2 kg per day per bed.Improper management of biomedical waste poses a significant hazardous risk to the patients, healthcare workers, the community and environment. Based on the review of the literature and the observation, we concluded that there is a need to educate the health team members regarding biomedical waste management as an effective strategy to improve the prevailing health care. Aim: To find out the effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding awareness of biomedical waste management, among paramedical staff in hospitals of Ujjain city by comparison of pre &amp; post-intervention data.Material and methods: An Interventional study was carried out among paramedical (Nursing staff &amp; lab technicians) &amp; sanitary staff of Government and private hospitals of Ujjain city from1st January 2013 to 30th November 2013. Total sample size 400 was taken. Study subjects were selected by the convenience sampling method. A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire based on previously developed validated tools was used to collect the information. Data were collected through personal interviews. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 16.0 and chi-square test. Results: Pre-test mean knowledge, attitude &amp; practice score among study participants regarding biomedical waste management was found 15.74±3.20 (mean ± SD) out of the total score of 28. Post-test mean score was increased up to 20.49 ±3.05 (mean ± SD). The difference between pre-test and post-test scores was found very highly significant (t = -29.893, P=0.000). It reveals that training programme regarding biomedical waste management was very effective in improving the knowledge, attitude &amp; practice of the study participants. Conclusion &amp; Recommendations: The results of this study had demonstrated a lack of awareness of most aspects of BMW management among study participants before training, very encouraging results were observed after the training programme as the highly significant improvement was observed in knowledge, attitude &amp; practice of the study participants towards the most aspects of biomedical waste management. This study recommends periodic training workshop on BMW to reinforce and update knowledge of hospital employees regarding BMW management

Economic rights & entitlements of separated & divorced women in India : report

The table of contents for this item can be shared with the requester. The requester may then choose one chapter, up to 10% of the item, as per the Fair Dealing provision of the Canadian Copyright ActThe research aims to suggest reforms in law and policy to address critical issues facing separated, deserted and divorced women in India, perceived and described as “despised…. in a twilight zone of neither being respectably married nor widowed- especially those who have themselves left their partners.” A survey was carried out on 405 separated, deserted or divorced women across the country. Findings reveal that most live at the mercy of their husbands during the marriage, and post-marriage depend on their natal families, who rarely welcome them or their children. This is a detailed socio-economic study arguing for entrenched economic rights for women, and women left destitute

Inferior subluxation of humeral head mimicking shoulder dislocation: case report and review of literature

International audienc