B12 Deficiency in Capgras Syndrome: A Case Report

Capgras Syndrome is a rare delusional misidentification syndrome where the patient thinks that someone, to whom he/she has strong emotional attachments, has been substituted by a "fake" person who looks identically the same. The exact roots of CS have not been elucidated; however, organic etiologies such as, B12 deficiency and structural abnormalities were identified. Because CS is usually observed in the presence of a psychiatric disorder, it is difficult to isolate and analyze the underlying organic etiologies. From this perspective, we present a CS case with a diagnosis of delusional disorder and an underlying B 12 deficiency who showed significant clinical improvement with B12 replacement and 30 mg per day aripiprazole therapy. Based on our findings, it can be suggested that B 12 levels should routinely be checked in CS patients and taking different etiologies into consideration and including them within the treatment plan can increase clinical success

Psychiatric aspects of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common disabling chronic central nervous system disease in young adults. It has a variable and unpredictable course and since it has been described in the 19(th) century, especially by Charcot and his pupils, it's well known that mental changes are common in MS. In this article, we reviewed the psychiatric aspects of multiple sclerosis based on the current literature

Comparative analysis of event-related potentials during Go/NoGo and CPT: Decomposition of electrophysiological markers of response inhibition and sustained attention

Neuropsychological tests target specific cognitive functions; however, numerous cognitive subcomponents are involved in each test. The aim of this study was to decompose the components of two frontal executive function tests, Go/NoGo (GNG) and cued continuous performance task (CPT), by analyzing event-related potentials (ERPs) of 24 subjects both in time and time-frequency domains. In the time domain, P1, N1, P2, N2 and P3 peak amplitudes and latencies and mean amplitudes of 100 ms time windows of the post-P3 time period were measured. For GNG, the N1 amplitude and for both GNG and CPT N2 amplitudes were significantly higher in the NoGo condition compared with the Go condition. P3 had a central maximum in the NoGo conditions of both paradigms in contrast to a parietal maximum in the Go conditions. All peaks except P1 and mean amplitudes of the post-P3 period were more positive in CPT compared to those of GNG. N1, N2 and P3 latencies were longer for the NoGo condition than the Go condition in the CPT. In time-frequency analyses, the NoGo condition evoked higher theta coefficients than the Go condition, whereas the CPT and GNG paradigms differed mainly in the delta band. These results suggest that theta component reflects response inhibition in both GNG and CPT, whereas delta component reflects the more demanding sustained attention requirement of the CPT. The latency prolongation observed with the NoGo condition of the CPT paradigm was thought to be due to perseverance/inhibition conflict enhanced by the primer stimuli in CPT. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Time-frequency analysis of the event-related potentials associated with the Stroop test

Multiple executive processes are suggested to be engaged at Stroop test, and time-frequency analysis is acknowledged to improve the informative utility of EEG in cognitive brain research. We aimed to investigate event-related oscillations associated with the Stroop test. EEG data was collected from 23 healthy volunteers while they performed a computer version of Stroop test. Both evoked (phase-locked) and total (phase-locked + non-phase-locked) oscillatory responses in the EEG were analyzed by wavelet transform. Data from the congruent (color-word matching) and incongruent stimuli (color-word non-matching) conditions are compared. In the incongruent condition, N450 wave was more negative and amplitude of the late slow wave was more positive. In the time-frequency plane, the fronto-central total theta amplitude (300-700 ms) was larger in the incongruent condition. The evoked delta (250-600 ms) was larger in the congruent condition particularly over parieto-occipital regions. The larger frontal theta response in the incongruent condition was associated with the detection of interference and inhibition of the response to task-irrelevant features, while the larger evoked delta in the congruent condition was suggestive of the easier decision process owing to congruency between the physical attribute and the verbal meaning of the stimuli. Furthermore, in the incongruent condition, amplitude of the occipital total alpha in the very late phase (700-900 ms) was smaller. This prolonged desynchronization in the alpha band could be reflecting augmentation of attentional filters in visual modality for the next stimulus. These multiple findings on EEG time-frequency plane provide improved description of the overlapping processes in Stroop test. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved