Productivity, profitability and intensity of labor: Russia and the OECD

The problem of raising the productivity of labor has been a priority of the ruling elite for decades. This problem was acute in imperial Russia where there were only the beginnings of industrialization, in the communist economy, mainly with ideological underpinnings. With time, the problem has not been solved, whereas the mechanisms of impact have become more complex and many factors of influence affecting this indicator have emerged. The study assesses the productivity, profitability, and intensity of labor in Russia and the OECD countries between 2000 and 2014. Numerous studies show that higher productivity and labor intensity contribute to structural changes in the economy; the flow of reallocation processes in the labor market affect the welfare of the population. Labor profitability and labor intensity have a big impact on the economic and society and employment. This indicates the important role of the indicators of labor efficiency, which is the main reason for their combined assessment. By means of descriptive analysis the author revealed that the level of the indices of Russia’s economy is the lowest, while the intensity of labor has been increasing. The dynamic aspect shows that the highest labor productivity and profitability growth during the analyzed period is observed in Russia. In addition, a comparison of the rate of growth of labor yields and an increase in foreign direct investment showed that the greatest capital growth observed in those areas occurs in the areas where labor profitability increases. Therefore, the long-term economic policy should focus on the performance indicators of labor: productivity, profitability, intensity. As a result, positive aspects are observed not only in overall economic development, but also in part, in the inflow of investment to the territory, which is necessary in today’s situation.Проблема повышения производительности труда стоит на первом плане у правящей элиты уже не одно десятилетие. Данная проблема была актуальна в имперской России, где только появлялись зачатки индустриализации, в коммунистической экономике, в основном имея идеологическую подоплеку. С течением времени проблема не была полностью решена, лишь усложнялись механизмы воздействия и появлялись множество факторов, влияющих на данный показатель. В исследовании проводится оценка производительности, доходности и интенсивности труда в России и в странах ОЭСР. Период составляет промежуток с 2000 по 2014 год. Многочисленные исследования показывают, что рост производительности и интенсивности труда способствует возникновению структурных сдвигов в экономике, протеканию реаллокационных процессов на рынке труда, показатели воздействуют на благосостояние населения. Высока социально-экономическая значимость доходности труда, влияние интенсивности труда на занятость. Все это говорит о важном месте показателей эффективности труда, что является основным предлогом для их совместной оценки. По средствам дескриптивного анализа выявлено, что по уровню исследуемых показателей экономика России занимает низкие позиции, возрастает интенсивность труда. В динамическом аспекте показано, что наибольший прирост производительности и доходности труда за исследуемый период наблюдается в России. Кроме того, сопоставление темпов роста доходности труда с приростом прямых иностранных инвестиций показало, что наибольший рост капитала наблюдается на тех территориях, где активно возрастает доходность труда. Следовательно, в долгосрочной экономической политике необходимо акцентировать внимание на показателях эффективности труда: производительности, доходности, интенсивности. В результате положительные моменты наблюдаются не только в целом экономическом развитии, но и в составной части, притоке инвестиций на территорию, что необходимо в современной сложившейся ситуации

On the developing of the mathematical model of all-wheel drive vehicle

The mathematical model of all-wheel-drive vehicle is proposed, which makes it possible to investigate the economic indicators of the vehicle’s movement for choosing the optimal type of central differential in a given range of road conditions

Labor profitability and labor productivity in Russia: the direction of capital

The research is devoted to the analysis and evaluation of labor profitability and labor productivity and their relationship to capital flows. The objective of the research is to define the relationship between labor profitability and investment in fixed assets at various levels. The subject is economic activities and regions of Russia. The study period covers the period from 2002 to 2013. A new method of calculating the index of labor profitability is trialed which places a particular emphasis on labor costs. An important place is occupied by the methods of descriptive statistics. The indicators are examined in two ways: static and dynamic. The author’s approach is to distinguish between the indicators of profitability and productivity due to the specific features of particular elements of the indicators and their role in economic development. The author identifies the leading regions and outsiders by using the indices being studied and emerging relationships. There is a paradox from the industrial perspective: capital is attracted by high-performance sectors, whereas in regions investments follow high-yielding labour. The attention is focused on the differentiation of gaps in performance. The results of the study can be used by federal and regional authorities in order to raise capital for various territories. They may serve as an indicator of investment attractiveness of Russia’s regions when designing long-term development programmes. The main conclusion is based on the grounds that the implementation of economic restructuring policies of import substitution must pay attention to the profitability of labor that can serve as a signal to potential investors. In this regards, an increase in capital flows is expected both from foreign and domestic investors.Исследование посвящено анализу и оценке показателей доходности, производительности труда, инвестиций в основной капитал. Цель работы - определение взаимосвязи между доходностью труда и инвестициями в основной капитал на различных уровнях. Объектом выступают виды экономической деятельности и регионы России. Период исследования охватывает промежуток с 2002 по 2013 г. Пробуется иная методика расчета показателя доходности труда, где особое место занимают затраты на труд. Важное место занимают методы описательной статистики. Исследование показателей проводится в двух вариантах: в статическом и динамическом виде. Авторский подход предполагает разграничивать показатели доходности и производительности труда в виду особой специфики элементов индикаторов и их роли в развитии экономики. Выявляются регионы-лидеры и регионы-аутсайдеры по исследуемым показателям и образующимся взаимосвязям. Наблюдается парадокс в отраслевом разрезе: капитал привлекают высокопроизводительные сектора, тогда как в региональном аспекте инвестиции следуют за высокодоходным трудом. Акцентируется внимание на дифференциации разрывов в показателях. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в работе федеральных и региональных органов власти, направленной на привлечение капитала. Могут служить индикатором инвестиционной привлекательности субъектов при разработке программы развития на долгосрочную перспективу. Основной вывод строится на том основании, что при реализации политики реструктуризации экономики в период импортозамещения необходимо обратить внимание на доходность труда, которая может служить сигналом потенциальным инвесторам. В связи с этим предполагается увеличении потоков капитала независимо от статуса резиденства инвестора

Self-organization of topological defects for a triangular-lattice magnetic dots array subject to a perpendicular magnetic field

The regular array of magnetic particles (magnetic dots) of the form of a two-dimensional triangular lattice in the presence of external magnetic field demonstrates complicated magnetic structures. The magnetic symmetry of the ground state for such a system is lower than that for the underlying lattice. Long range dipole-dipole interaction leads to a specific antiferromagnetic order in small fields, whereas a set of linear topological defects appears with the growth of the magnetic field. Self-organization of such defects determines the magnetization process for a system within a wide range of external magnetic fields.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1201.174

Social and Personal Competence Assessment within Qualification Certification of Nuclear Industry University Graduates

AbstractThis article presents the results of research for the expert and methodical center of assessment and certification of qualifications of specialists in the nuclear industry established on the basis of the National Nuclear Innovation Consortium. A series of new professional standards for the nuclear industry has shown that the value of social and personal competence is increasing. The objectives of the study were to identify latent personality factors that have a significant impact on the performance of various types of management activities and to create a model for assessing the socio-personal competence of IT specialists and managers of the nuclear industry. To solve the problem of classification various methods of the cluster analysis were used. The study was performed in 2014 on students of NRNU MEPhI. Cluster analysis in the set of attributes taking into account both individual personality traits and achievements allowed forming five independent classes. For each of the five classes we derived a model of assessment of the level of development of social and personal competence

Transferable Adversarial Robustness for Categorical Data via Universal Robust Embeddings

Research on adversarial robustness is primarily focused on image and text data. Yet, many scenarios in which lack of robustness can result in serious risks, such as fraud detection, medical diagnosis, or recommender systems often do not rely on images or text but instead on tabular data. Adversarial robustness in tabular data poses two serious challenges. First, tabular datasets often contain categorical features, and therefore cannot be tackled directly with existing optimization procedures. Second, in the tabular domain, algorithms that are not based on deep networks are widely used and offer great performance, but algorithms to enhance robustness are tailored to neural networks (e.g. adversarial training). In this paper, we tackle both challenges. We present a method that allows us to train adversarially robust deep networks for tabular data and to transfer this robustness to other classifiers via universal robust embeddings tailored to categorical data. These embeddings, created using a bilevel alternating minimization framework, can be transferred to boosted trees or random forests making them robust without the need for adversarial training while preserving their high accuracy on tabular data. We show that our methods outperform existing techniques within a practical threat model suitable for tabular data