Design of Zero Voltage Switching Boost DC-DC Converter Using Bond Graph Model

The research in power supply design is moving towards improving efficiency by reducing losses. Another aspect of research in power converters is its modeling as it involves multiple domains such as electrical, mechanical, magnetic...etc. bond graph modeling is suitable for the multi domain systems. Here, a zero voltage switching boost converter is designed using its bond graph model. The bond graph simulated results which are done in MATLAB/SIMULINK are matched with the experimental results. The efficiency of the ZVS boost converter is calculated and is compared with the efficiency of conventional pulse width modulated (PWM) boost converter

CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ZnO NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY CO PRECIPITATION METHOD

Objective: In the present study the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was investigated against gram negative (Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris) and gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) organisms.Methods: The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was carried out by co-precipitation method using zinc sulfate and sodium hydroxide as precursors. These nanoparticles were characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation), UV-Visible spectroscopy and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) with EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis). As well as antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of the nanoparticles were carried out by agar well diffusion method and broth dilution method respectively against gram negative (Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris) and gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) bacteria.Results: The average crystallite size of ZnO nanoparticles was found to be 35 nm by X-ray diffraction. The vibration bands at 450 and 603 cm-1 which were assigned for ZnO stretching vibration were observed in FTIR spectrum. The optical absorption band at 383 nm was obtained from UV-Visible spectrum. Spherical shape morphology was observed in SEM studies. The antibacterial assay clearly expressed that E. coli showed a maximum zone of inhibition (32±0.20 mm) followed by Proteus vulgaris (30±0.45 nm) at 50 mg/ml concentration of ZnO nanoparticles.Conclusion: Zinc oxide nanoparticles have exhibited good antibacterial activity with gram negative bacteria when compared to gram positive bacteria

Sulfur-Containing Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Gel Compositions and Aerogels

Methods and materials are described for preparing organic-inorganic hybrid gel compositions where a sulfur-containing cross-linking agent covalently links the organic and inorganic components. The gel compositions are further dried to provide porous gel compositions and aerogels. The mechanical and thermal properties of the dried gel compositions are also disclosed

Sulfur-Containing Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Gel Compositions and Aerogels

Methods and materials are described for preparing organic-inorganic hybrid gel compositions where a sulfur-containing cross-linking agent covalently links the organic and inorganic components. The gel compositions are further dried to provide porous gel compositions and aerogels. The mechanical and thermal properties of the dried gel compositions are also disclosed

Hybridization of ALO and GOA for Combined Economic Emission Dispatch

894-897A hybrid algorithm is presented for CEED problem with generation, emission and combustion of fuel & emission cost as an objective. The proposed algorithm is combined with both ant lion optimizer and grass hopper optimizations called as integrated ant lion grasshopper optimization algorithm (IALGOA). To find an optimal solution for a CEED, the IALGOA is proposed in this paper. The IALGOA performance is compared and analyzed with conventional hybrid algorithms like PSO, GSA and Adaptive Wind Driven Optimization (AWDO) under standard IEEE 30-bus test system. The presented numerical results explain IALGOA algorithm’s excellent convergence characteristics

Hybridization of ALO and GOA for Combined Economic Emission Dispatch

A hybrid algorithm is presented for CEED problem with generation, emission and combustion of fuel & emission cost as an objective. The proposed algorithm is combined with both ant lion optimizer and grass hopper optimizations called as integrated ant lion grasshopper optimization algorithm (IALGOA). To find an optimal solution for a CEED, the IALGOA is proposed in this paper. The IALGOA performance is compared and analyzed with conventional hybrid algorithms like PSO, GSA and Adaptive Wind Driven Optimization (AWDO) under standard IEEE 30-bus test system. The presented numerical results explain IALGOA algorithm’s excellent convergence characteristics

Modeling and Analysis of Time Response Parameters of a PMSM-Based Electric Vehicle with PI and PID Controllers

This paper presents the mathematical modeling of a vector-controlled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive with either a Proportional Integral (PI) controller or a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller as a propulsion system for an Electric Vehicle (EV). Most commercial drives use a standard PI controller as a speed regulator. The vector control system model consists of the PMSM, a PWM inverter, the speed controller, and vehicle dynamics for speed control. The performance analysis of the drive is evaluated under transient conditions for settling time, rise time, steady state error of speed, and the vehicle’s acceleration at the wheel axle for specifically designated values validated by MATLAB/Simulink

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Cry1Ac/Ab Protein for Designing of Sandwich ELISA to Detect BT Toxin from Cotton Seeds and Leaves

The design of the study is to develop monoclonal antibodies against Cry1Ac/Ab protein for designing os sandwich ELISA(hybridoma technology). Hybridoma technology was invented by Cesar Milstein and Georges J.F Kohler in the year 1975 and is an unique method used to produce identical antibodies in maximum quantities. Monoclonal antibodies were developed by immunization of Balb/C mice with Cry1Ac/Ab Protein. Titer values of mice tail bleeds were checked and the best mice with higher titer value was used for fusion. Immunized mice spleen cells were fused with Myeloma cells (SP2-O), using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the fused cells were incubated with HAT medium for 12 days and initially 400 positive hybridoma clones were obtained, of which 13 potential clones were selected using indirect ELISA against Cry1Ac/Ab recombinant antigen. Cross reactivity was ruled out using indriet ELSA against cry proteins such as Cry2A, Cry1F and CP4EPSPS using. Cloning was carried out twice for all 13 clones by limiting dilution factor and pure single clones were selected. The class IgG/IgM/IgA and sub classes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 antibodies are determined by isotyping. Determination of class and subclass of an antibody is very important for selecting proper purification methods. Commercially available rapid isotyping kits were used for isotyping which provides the information of 1) IgG, IgM, IgA, IgG2a, IgG2b or IgG3 2) Light chain identification as either kappa or lambda. All pure clones were preserved in Liquid Nitrogen for future use to develop immunological kits for detection of Cry1Ac/Ab present in the plant tissue.The design of the study is to develop monoclonal antibodies against Cry1Ac/Ab protein for designing os sandwich ELISA(hybridoma technology). Hybridoma technology was invented by Cesar Milstein and Georges J.F Kohler in the year 1975 and is an unique method used to produce identical antibodies in maximum quantities. Monoclonal antibodies were developed by immunization of Balb/C mice with Cry1Ac/Ab Protein. Titer values of mice tail bleeds were checked and the best mice with higher titer value was used for fusion. Immunized mice spleen cells were fused with Myeloma cells (SP2-O), using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the fused cells were incubated with HAT medium for 12 days and initially 400 positive hybridoma clones were obtained, of which 13 potential clones were selected using indirect ELISA against Cry1Ac/Ab recombinant antigen. Cross reactivity was ruled out using indriet ELSA against cry proteins such as Cry2A, Cry1F and CP4EPSPS using. Cloning was carried out twice for all 13 clones by limiting dilution factor and pure single clones were selected. The class IgG/IgM/IgA and sub classes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 antibodies are determined by isotyping. Determination of class and subclass of an antibody is very important for selecting proper purification methods. Commercially available rapid isotyping kits were used for isotyping which provides the information of 1) IgG, IgM, IgA, IgG2a, IgG2b or IgG3 2) Light chain identification as either kappa or lambda. All pure clones were preserved in Liquid Nitrogen for future use to develop immunological kits for detection of Cry1Ac/Ab present in the plant tissue

Comparison of ANN and ANFIS controller for PMSG Variable Speed WECS

This paper deals with the variable speed wind energy conversion systems (WECS), using PMSG. To overcome the demerits occurred in these systems. A new DC Optimal level reference standard, however maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm also used to obtain the new optimal operating point for the power curve. This optimal operating point is depends upon DC Interlink Voltage and currents. The proposed ANN and ANFIS technique is simulated in MAT Lab/ Simulink software. Here the WECS is evaluated and compared with conventional ANN and ANFIS network methods. The problems related with the Power Co-Efficient , the tip speed ratio(TSR) and DC inter link voltage and average power is evaluated over the total power extraction of WECS has provided with the modern advantages with all these errors consideration and improvement. This control signal also derived in order to achieve MPPT along with this the total harmonic distortion (THD) is also calculated for all mentioned systems