Comparative Computational Analysis of Mycobacterium Species by using Different Techniques in Study

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a pathogenic bacteria species in the genus Mycobacterium and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis. It is spread through the air when people who have an active MTB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit their saliva through the air. Most infections in humans result in an asymptomatic, latent infection, and about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of its victims.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a member of the genus ‘tuberculosis’ in which contains various other mycobacterium species also. These species within a gene must have some similarity in them. In spite of this similarity only mycobacterium tuberculosis cause the tuberculosis disease, the remaining does not. This signifies that mycobacterium tuberculosis must be having some specific genes or proteins which are uniquely present only in it and not in the other species. This fact is used in this research and blast program is executed recursively for the comparison between these mycobacterium species. Keywords: BLAST, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Nontuberculous mycobacterium group, EEA1, KEG

Edible Vaccines: Trigger of Body’s First Line Defense

Vaccines are used as protective agents from various diseases. The major reason to prepare vaccines are to digest the macromolecule of proteins in stomach considering of high pH . To overcome this issue a scientist named Arntzen developed the theory of edible vaccines. EVs are developed by genetic technology; in this the genes are introduced directly to the plants in various methods. The developed plant contains coded protein which acts as a vaccine. Purchasing at low cost leads to the prevention of various diseases like malaria, measles, hepatitis B , cholera, HIV and anthrax     Keywords: Edible vaccines, Antigens, Oral immunization, Immunity

Study of Alterations of Bacterial Membrane Proteins involved in ?-Lactam Sensitivity

The selective nature of organisms to prevailing stress– ?-lactam antibiotics is obviously concerned with the architecture of outer membrane. Bacillus subtilis Gram-positive bacteria advocates variation in achieving cellular morphogenetic dimensions. In the present study more protonated species of ?-lactam i.e. Ceftriaxone proved to be more effective in contrast to cefazolin as far as sensitivity of Bacillus subtilis is concerned. The MIC50 for ceftriaxone (CT) was observed to be 1.5 ppm in contrast to first generation ?-lactam antibiotic i.e. cefazolin with MIC50 18 ppm concentration. The relative sensitivity of bacterial cells to both the cephalosporins was more positively inclined to third generation species. The role of modified cephalosporin was observed under various physiological situations under laboratory conditions such as pH, Temp, chelating agent and Mg2+ ion concentrations. The sensitivity of Bacillus subtilis to ?-lactam was more potentiated at acidic pH than at alkaline pH. At alkaline pH only 16% inhibition of growth of Bacillus subtilis in Dye’s minimal media at 37±10C was seen in contrast to 60% inhibition of growth in the presence of CZ. The growth was enhanced / potentiated in the presence of chelating agent – EDTA at 0.25 mM concentration in combination with MIC50 of CT and CZ 84% inhibition of growth was recorded in the presence of CT (MIC50) in contrast to 82% inhibition in the presence of CZ (MIC50). The growth inhibition with 0.25 mM EDTA alone was also seen to be 82%. Keywords: ?-lactam, EDTA, MIC50, Ceftriaxone sodium, Cefazolin sodiu

Role of Membrane Architecture in Development of Sensitivity to Cephalosporin Group of Antibiotics

Due to efficient adaptation process the spread of resistance among microbial pathogens is always a major problem to therapy. The resistance towards an antibiotic can be either biochemical or genetic. The molecular orientation of bacterial cell wall is responsible in determining drug resistance. The role of cephalosporins for e.g.: ceftriaxone & cefazolin was studied in relation to its toxicity to B. subtilis (Gram positive) & E. coli (Gram negative).In the presence of cefazolin an abnormally high level of protein release was observed when intact cells as well as membrane vesicles. In the presence of cefazolin protein release was observed to been enhanced in contrast to ceftriaxone. The protein export in case of intact bacterial cells was higher than membrane vesicles suggesting the involvement of membrane proteins in drug sensitivity/resistance. The extent of protein released was also found to be modulated when both the cells were subjected to temperature treatment. However, maximum protein export was seen when gram positive& gram-negative cells were subjected to EDTA concentrations. In contrast availability of Mg2+ ions in the medium resulted in slight fall in protein release indicating stabilization of membrane vesicles as well as bacterial cell wall, which might have resulted in lowered protein export due to involvement of transport system. From this study it can be concluded that outer membrane orientation determines the therapeutic value of cefazolin & ceftriaxone. Keywords: Ceftriaxone sodium, Cefazolin sodium, Ethylene diamine tetra acetate, Proton motive force, Minimum Inhibitory Concentratio

Optimal climate policy with fat-tailed uncertainty: What the models can tell us. ESRI Working Paper 697 March 2021.

We present a modification of the most commonly used integrated assessment model (IAM) of climate change (DICE-2016), AD-DICE2016, which is designed to address three key aspects of climate economy models: treatment of uncertainty, the use of more appropriate utility functions, and including adaptation policies to climate change. These modifications ensure that two of the key difficulties identified with IAMs, the choice of the risk aversion parameter and the underestimation of damages, are also directly addressed. The use of a bounded (Burr) utility function ensures that the model is able to appropriately assess the effects of parameters whose distributions have “fat tails”. Uncertainty is accommodated via the state-contingent approach enabling us to include more state (seven) and control variables (four) than recursive derivatives of DICE. Our approach to uncertainty ensures that the optimal climate policies account for outcomes in every possible state, unlike the Monte Carlo approach. Our treatment of uncertainty is extensive: eight parameters are allowed to be random, with distributions –many “fat tailed”– identified using current knowledge. Our model suggests that uncertainty regarding damages and climate sensitivity are key drivers of climate policy. We also find that uncertainty leads to increases in both optimal mitigation and adaptation, with adaptation and mitigation reacting differently to uncertainty over different parameters. Finally, our estimates of the social cost of carbon are larger when uncertainty is allowed for and significantly affected by adaptation