Jet noise : aeroacoustic distribution of a subsonic co-axial jet

The noise generated by aircraft can be easily heard by those living under the flight path of passenger or cargo carriers. It is considered an environmental pollutant and is treated as such by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) who monitor and review noise levels. The ICAO imposes substantial fines on those carriers who do not adhere to the decibel limitations. With the new limit or `stage' enforced in 2006, aircraft manufacturers (including jet engine manufacturers) are seeking ways to reduce the noise created by an aircraft. A 1/150th scale model, based on the exit geometry typically found on commercial jet engines, was designed and manufactured at Warwick. The laboratory jet flow conditions operated at 0.7 Mach. The work presented in this thesis looks at the noise generated in a subsonic, co- owing jet, with particular focus given to the distribution sound sources from 5 kHz to 80 kHz (0.375 St to 6.0 St). An acoustic mirror mounted on a motorized 3-way traverse measured radiated sound in the co-flowing jet to produce 2D sound source maps. This is done using combinations of smooth cowl and chevrons for the core and bypass nozzles. For frequencies less than 30 kHz, a reduction of noise was observed using the bypass chevron nozzle compared with the bypass smooth cowl nozzle. Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) was used to reveal the 2D flow dynamics of the jet, supporting the acoustic distribution results with velocity profiles of the flow. The change in the flow dynamics with different nozzle combinations is discussed and different regions of the flow were identified

UNUSAUAL PRESENTATION OF SUBMANDIBULAR DUCT AND GLAND CALCUI: CASE REPORT

Sialolithiasis is one of the most common pathologies of the submandibular gland; sialoliths account for about 80 percent of all salivary duct calculi.The majority of sialolith occurs in the submandibular gland or its duct and is common cause of acute and chronic infection. Salivary stones larger than 15 mm are classified as giant sialoliths. They are uncommon in the practice of otolaryngology, and their management has always been a therapeutic challenge. This report presents the two unusual and rare cases of large sialolith of the submandibular duct as well as gland measuring 70x11mm and 54x25mm respectively.

Perspective of E-Waste in Concrete: A review

In this digital era, usage of electric and electronic devices has become the need of people. Evolution of technology triggers the adoption of new devices over old and discarded appliances turned into the electronic wastes also termed as e-waste/s. E-waste from any source has become a major concern to the society. The disposal of these wastes into the landfills causes many hazardous impacts to the ecosystem. As a promising solution construction industry can utilize the e-wastes effectively. The wastes may be used either as fine filler or aggregates in concrete and bituminous based constructions efficiently. Usage of waste/s conserves the natural resources also. Present study magnifies the scenario of application of electronic wastes in different forms i.e., plastic, metal etc. in bituminous and concrete based mixtures. A critical review has been carried the effects of electronic wastes in concrete and bituminous mixes and findings confirm the praxis of electronic wastes is possible within certain limits

Utilization of eucalyptus bark powder as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dyes from wastewater and comparison with activated charcoal

Dyes and pigments have been used in many industries for coloration purposes. There is a considerable need for the removal of colour from wastewater or effluents from dye industries. The use of low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbents had been investigated as an ideal alternative to the current expensive methods of removing dyes from wastewater. The aim of this study is to investigate the adsorption  potential of Eucalyptus Bark Powder as a low cost adsorbent for Methylene Blue (MB) dye, and compare the result with Charcoal Powder (standard adsorbent).The adsorption was studied of different Methylene Blue (MB) dye concentration using batch technique

Soil quality of degraded land of Bundelkhand region with special reference to Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh

Present study has been taken to assess the quality of soil in and around Jhansi district of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh which is also known as ecologically fragile ecosystem. For the present investigation fifteen villages have been selected randomly. Majority of the soil in this area has been found in less nutritive value and not suitable for proper agricultural activities. Results show that pH of the soils varies 6.8 to 8.4; OC 0.07 to 0.78%; and N 0.01 to 0.13% respectively. Available P, K as well as micronutrients viz. Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn are also found less than standard as prescribed by Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi and not in suitable for agricultural crops. ÂÂ

DEVELOPMENT OF MUCOADHESIVE CARBOHYDRATE HETEROPOLYMER MICROBEADS FOR SUSTAIN RELEASE OF THEOPHYLLINE

Objective: The aim of present study was to develop and evaluate mucoadhesive microbeads for oral sustained release of an antiasthmatic agent theophylline†using natural gums such as sodium alginate and sesbania gum.Methods: The compatibility studies of drug with different polymers were investigated by using DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Carbohydrate heteropolymer microbeads of alginate and sesbania gums were prepared by ionotropic gelation technique, where calcium chloride is used as a source of counter ions. Prepared beads were characterized for particle size, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, swelling index, in vitro release studies and release kinetics.Results: Final optimized formulation consists of a polymer blend of alginate and sesbania gum with hydroxy propyl cellulose as release modifier. Microbeads exhibited good swelling index and high percentage of drug entrapment efficiency. The developed formulation showed a maximum drug release of 92% in 11 h using 0.1 N hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 1.2). The formulation followed Korsmeyer-Peppas and Higuchi release mechanism, releasing the drug by non-fickian diffusion. Prepared beads showed significant mucoadhesion in acidic buffer.Conclusion: The sustained release microbeads were successfully designed for oral administration of theophylline which may be used for the treatment of nocturnal asthma.Â

A Brief Review of Analytical Methods for the Estimation of Brivaracetam in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Matrices

Partial-onset seizures are treated with Brivaracetam, which is a chemical butanamide derivative. Brivaracetam (BRV) in pharmaceutical and biological samples can be determined using various analytical techniques, including HPLC, UV-visible, and hybrid techniques including LC-MS, LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS/MS, & other techniques, all of which are discussed in this review article. The review will analyze BRV determination using a variety of analytical approaches in comparison with each other. The findings of this review paper can be used as a starting point for future analysis of BRV

Experimental Investigations on The Effect of Tungsten Content on the Machining Behaviour of Tungsten Heavy Alloys

The present work attempts to assess the machinability of tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) with varying tungsten content in terms of different machining characteristics such as chip thickness, material removal rate, cutting force and surface roughness under varied cutting conditions. The feed rate is found to have major influence on the machining characteristics; whereas the effect of rake angle appears to be marginal. With increase in W content both cutting force and material removal rate increase whereas surface roughness decreases. Since WHAs are difficult to machine, an additional objective of the study is to optimize machining parameters. An optimal balance of the experimental cutting parameters using Grey relational analysis has been achieved, which can be effectively employed for the machining of the alloys with close dimensional tolerances and desirable surface finish

Significance of Stone Waste in Strength Improvement of Soil

The evolution of industries is essential for the economic growth of any country; however, this growth often comes with exploitation of natural resources and generation of wastes. The safe disposal and utilisation of industrial wastes has become essential for sustainable development. A possible approach would be to utilize these wastes in construction industries. The stone industry is one such flawed industries that generates waste in dust or slurry form; this leads harmful impacts on human beings, animals, and surrounding areas which, in turn, can lead to soil infertility. In the present study, stone waste was examined for its influence on maximum dry density (MDD), optimum water content (OMC) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of soil experimentally. Stone waste was used at 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% by weight of soil and UCS tests were conducted at maturing periods of 7, 14 and 21 days. Test results reported that the incorporation of stone waste improved the compressive strength value significantly. Maximum dry density was enhanced; however, optimum water content was reduced with the use of stone waste in soil due to its fine particles. Linear regression equations were also derived for various properties