24 research outputs found

    Politische Epistemologie

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    Den Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit bildet die Feststellung, dass die Wissenschaften als spezifische Form und SphĂ€re gesellschaftlicher Praxis analysiert werden mĂŒssen. Aus einer Perspektive, welche gesellschaftliche HerrschaftsverhĂ€ltnisse und politische Auseinandersetzungen ins Zentrum der Frage nach der gesellschaftlichen Konstitution der Wissenschaften stellt, mĂŒssen sowohl die Standards wissenschaftlicher RationalitĂ€t als auch die von Natur- und Sozialwissenschaften erhobenen ErkenntnisansprĂŒche im Hinblick auf ihr politisches Implizites untersucht werden. Ich konzentriere mich auf die epistemologischen Konzeptionen dreier AutorInnen, die in ihren Thesen der politischen Dimension der Wissenschaften Rechnung zu tragen suchen und dabei aufzeigen, dass Epistemologie selbst, verstanden als theoretische Erschließung des Prozesses wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisproduktion, als von politischen Fragen durchdrungene aufzufassen ist: Sandra Harding, Theodor W. Adorno und Louis Althusser. In Auseinandersetzung mit deren EntwĂŒrfen politischer Epistemologie möchte ich ermessen, wie die RationalitĂ€t (sozial-)wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisprozesse aus einer gesellschaftstheoretisch informierten und herrschaftskritisch orientierten Perspektive zu konzipieren und einzuschĂ€tzen ist. Zugleich geht es um die Frage, welche BegrĂŒndungs- und Rechtfertigungsstrategien fĂŒr herrschaftskritische Theorien und Forschungsprogramme ausgehend von einer solchen EinschĂ€tzung formuliert werden können. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit widme ich mich Hardings Kritik am Ideal wertfreier ObjektivitĂ€t sowie ihrem Gegenentwurf zu diesem. Ich zeige, dass das Konzept starker ObjektivitĂ€t, welches die informierte Parteinahme fĂŒr marginalisierte Gesellschaftsgruppen als dem wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisfortschritt förderlich herausstellt, zwar die Vereinbarkeit von Wissenschaftlichkeit und politischen Positionen begrĂŒndet, im Bezug auf die Frage nach möglichen BegrĂŒndungsstrategien, welche es erlauben, die Überlegenheit bestimmter Methoden, Theorien und Forschungsprogramme gegenĂŒber anderen herauszustellen, allerdings defizient bleibt. Im zweiten Teil lese ich Adornos BegrĂŒndung einer kritischen Theorie der Gesellschaft und seine positivismuskritischen Argumente als Bearbeitungsversuche der Frage nach den politischen Implikationen bestimmter theoretischer Zugangsweisen auf den Gegenstand Gesellschaft. Dabei werde ich herausstellen, dass Adorno im Zuge der Frage nach der Möglichkeit einer nicht-positivistischen Gesellschaftstheorie, das Problem aufwirft, dass die theoretische Erkenntnis gesellschaftlicher StrukturzusammenhĂ€nge nicht nur philosophischer Reflexion, sondern auch einer wissenschaftlichen begrifflichen Konstruktionsleistung bedarf. Ich argumentiere, dass dieses Problem mit den erkenntniskritischen Mitteln Adornos jedoch nicht angemessen behandelt werden kann. Im dritten Teil setze ich mich mit Althussers Theorie der theoretischen Praxis auseinander, welche wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis als eine Aneignungsform der Wirklichkeit, welche sich als Produktion und begriffliche Konstruktion vollzieht, von ideologischen Fragestellungen abzugrenzen sucht. Die Frage nach möglichen Legitimationsversuchen herrschaftskritischer Wissenschaften stellt sich vor dem Hintergrund seiner Konzeption des VerhĂ€ltnisses von Philosophie und Wissenschaften auf dem Boden einer Theorie des wissenschaftsgeschichtlichen Einschnitts. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit entwickle ich die Konturen einer konfrontierenden LektĂŒre der behandelten AutorInnen. Aus einer von Althussers Theorie der theoretischen Praxis informierten Perspektive frage ich nach den Implikationen und Grenzen von Hardings und Adornos Vorhaben, herrschaftskritische Wissenschaften ĂŒber den Umweg philosophischer Reflexion zu unterstĂŒtzen, und schließe mit dem Argument, dass Legitimationsstrategien fĂŒr herrschaftskritische Forschung nur ausgehend von bereits existierenden herrschaftskritischen Wissenschaften und den von diesen erbrachten Erkenntnissen entwickelt werden können.The point of departure of the present diploma thesis is the finding that the sciences must be analysed as a specific form and sphere of social praxis. From a viewpoint which emphasises the centrality of power relations and political struggle for the social constitution of the sciences, both the standards of scientific rationality and the knowledge-claims raised by the natural and the social sciences have to be investigated with regard to their political implications. I concentrate on the epistemological conceptions of three authors who try to accommodate the political dimension of the sciences and thereby show that epistemology itself, understood as theoretical conceptualisation of the process of scientific knowledge production, is steeped in political questions. These authors are Sandra Harding, Theodor W. Adorno and Louis Althusser. In discussing their models of political epistemology, I want to ascertain just how the process of (socio-) scientific knowledge production should be conceptualised and evaluated from a perspective informed by social theory and guided by a critical intent. At the same time I want to pose the question as to which strategies of legitimating critical theories and critical research programmes can be drawn from such an assessment. In the first part of the thesis I focus on Harding’s critique of the ideal of value-free objectivity and the alternative that she proposes. I show that her concept of strong objectivity, which states that informed partisanship on behalf of marginalized social groups can advance the progress of scientific knowledge, accounts for the compatibility of scientific rationality and political positions but falls short of developing strategies for theory choice. In the second part I interpret Adorno’s rationale for a critical theory of society and his critique of positivism as attempts to grasp the political implications of certain theoretical approaches to the object of investigation – society. In doing so I show that, in the course of his account of the possibility of a non-positivist social theory, there arises the problem that theoretical insight into the structures of social relations depends not only on philosophical reflection but also on scientific conceptual construction. I argue that Adorno does not offer the epistemological tools to adequately address this problem. In the third part of my thesis I deal with Althusser’s theory of theoretical praxis and his attempt to distinguish scientific knowledge– as a specific form of appropriating reality through a process of production and construction – from ideology. Against the background of his conceptualisation of the relation of science and philosophy, the question as to what strategies for legitimating and supporting critical sciences might look like has to be posed in line with a theory of the history of the sciences which relies on the concept of the epistemological break. In the last part I attempt to sketch out a juxtaposition of the theses of the authors discussed. From a perspective informed by Althussers theory of theoretical praxis, I evaluate the implications and limitations of Harding’s and Adorno’s attempts to support critical sciences via philosophical reflection. I conclude by arguing that strategies for legitimating critical theories and research programmes can only be developed on the basis of already existing critical sciences and their findings

    Wilhelm Windelband and the problem of relativism

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    Rethinking Epistemic Relativism

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    ‘Relativism’ is often treated as a dirty word in philosophy. Showing that a view entails relativism is almost always considered tantamount to showing that it is nonsensical. However, relativistic theories are not entirely unappealing – they have features which might be tempting if they weren’t thought to be outweighed by problematic consequences. In this paper I argue that it’s possible to secure the intuitively appealing features of at least one kind of relativism – epistemic relativism – without having to accept any problematic consequences. I do this by defending what I call 'stratified relativism'

    The history of philosophy and the puzzles of life. Windelband and Dilthey on the ahistorical core of philosophical thinking

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    The professionalization of the study of history in the Nineteenth Century made possible a new way of thinking about the history of philosophy: the thought emerged that philosophy itself might be relative to time, historical culture, and nationality. The simultaneous demise of speculative metaphysics scattered philosophers’ confidence that the historical variance of philosophical systems could be viewed in terms of the teleological self-realization of reason. Towards the late Nineteenth Century, philosophers began to explicitly address the worry that all philosophical systems might have only relative validity. This paper compares two key figures in late-nineteenth-century debates concerning historical relativism: Wilhelm Windelband and Wilhelm Dilthey. Beneath the deep disagreements between these two authors, it reveals their common concern to immunize philosophy from the threat of historical relativism. The paper traces how both philosophers sought to fend off relativism by defending the idea of an ahistorical and permanent stratum of philosophical thinking. And it argues that although they succeeded in blocking historical versions of relativism, they did so at the cost of incurring a relativism vis-à-vis philosophical systems. This relativism turned out to be rooted not in the historicity of philosophy but in the timeless essence of philosophical reasoning itself

    Historische KontinuitÀt und affirmative Genealogie: Johann Gustav Droysens politische Historik

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    This paper analyses the methodological writings of the nineteenth century historian Johann Gustav Droysen. It explores how Droysen integrates the political and methodological aspects of historiography. The paper shows that Droysen relies on a procedure of “affirmative genealogy” which, in turn, is based on a concept of historical continuity. On Droysen’s account, historical continuity enables “historical understanding”. And the understanding of historical continuities provides the statesman – the “practical historian” – with a solid basis for political decision making

    Method and meaning: Ranke and droysen on the historian's disciplinary ethos

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    In this paper I revisit nineteenth-century debates over historical objectivity and the political functions of historiography. I focus on two central contributors to these debates: Leopold von Ranke and Johann Gustav Droysen. In their takes on objectivity and subjectivity, impartiality and political engagement I reveal diametrically opposed solutions to shared concerns: how can historians reveal history to be meaningful without taking recourse to speculative philosophy? And how can they produce a knowledge that is relevant to the present when the project of “exemplary” history has been abandoned? I put a special focus on the relativist themes in Ranke’s and Droysen’s answers to these questions. Ranke’s demand for impartiality leads him to think of all historical epochs as equally valid, while Droysen’s emphasis on the historian’s subjectivity relativizes historical truth. In order to explain why Ranke and Droysen nevertheless remained unfazed by the problem of historical relativism, I analyze their normative conceptions of the historian’s disciplinary ethos. I show that Ranke and Droysen think of objective impartiality and subjective partiality not only in methodological terms, but also in terms of justice and ethic duty. This normative element secures the professional study of history an ethical-political relevance for the present
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