Who and What Is the Field of Applied Linguistics Overlooking?: Why This Matters and How Educational Linguistics Can Help

Thousands of individuals in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere are currently endeavoring to learn highly endangered, Indigenous languages, most laboring under conditions that are radically different from the majority of world language learners. These learning contexts are defined not only by shortages of materials, limited domains of use, few proficient speakers, and wide dialectal variation, but by histories of colonialism, racism, and oppression. To date, there has been relatively limited interaction between applied linguistics scholarship on language learning on the one hand, and Indigenous language education on the other. Concomitantly, despite massive worldwide demographic shifts of recent decades, applied linguists still know relatively little about simultaneous additional language and initial literacy learning among students with interrupted or limited formal schooling. Yet, these students are among the fastest growing populations in many U.S. districts and elsewhere. Drawing on the roots and four decades of scholarship in Educational Linguistics as a field, and five years of studies in Minnesota (home to thousands of Ojibwe and ten of thousands of Somali youth), this presentation argues that deep consideration of contexts and learners such as these is productive for the development of a robust field of second language acquisition and applied linguistics more broadly

ファミリー ランゲージ ポリシー コロナ ジダイ ニ オケル セイチョウ ノ イタミ ト アラタナ ホウコウセイ

この10年間、「ファミリー・ランゲージ・ポリシー」(Family Language Policy、以下FLP) という旗印のもとに、大規模かつ多様な研究が集結してきた。本講演では、FLP 研究の近年の発展と進歩を振り返り、この分野に対する批判、成長期に生じる成長痛、新しい方向性について考える。重要な批判としては、過去の研究に誰が参加したのか、何をもって「家族」としたのか、どのようにデータを収集し、分析したのか、などについての限界があげられる。FLPの研究者がコロナ禍の文脈で研究を進めるなかで、これらの成長の痛みが、方法論と研究の焦点における新たな方向性、新たな問いへと向かわせている。例をあげると、「長引く隔離期間は子どもの母語/ 継承語や、学校/ 社会の言語の習得にどのような影響を与えるか」、「今や至る所に存在するビデオ技術は、私たちが交流する相手とその方法にどう影響しているか」、「多くの文脈でパンデミックを特徴づけているサービスへのアクセスが不均等であることを考えると、教育の公平性にどのような持続的影響が生じるだろうか」などである。実際、FLPに関する問題は、新型コロナの大流行がもたらした無数の社会的、経済的、精神的危機に照らして考えると、より重要性を増していると思われる。新型コロナ感染拡大による隔離期間は、世界中で「家族」という単位を強固なものにしたが、同時に「家族」に非常に大きなストレスを与え、ジェンダー、経済、人種的平等におけるここ数十年の成果を、覆さないまでも脅かすことになった。この講演で示されるように、パンデミックとそれに伴う社会的、文化的、経済的な変化は、これまで以上に、FLPを現実的な課題に直結させ、重要で不可欠なものにしている。 この10年間、「ファミリー・ランゲージ・ポリシー」(Family Language Policy、以下FLP) という旗印のもとに、大規模かつ多様な研究が集結してきた。本講演では、FLP 研究の近年の発展と進歩を振り返り、この分野に対する批判、成長期に生じる成長痛、新しい方向性について考える。重要な批判としては、過去の研究に誰が参加したのか、何をもって「家族」としたのか、どのようにデータを収集し、分析したのか、などについての限界があげられる。FLPの研究者がコロナ禍の文脈で研究を進めるなかで、これらの成長の痛みが、方法論と研究の焦点における新たな方向性、新たな問いへと向かわせている。例をあげると、「長引く隔離期間は子どもの母語/ 継承語や、学校/ 社会の言語の習得にどのような影響を与えるか」、「今や至る所に存在するビデオ技術は、私たちが交流する相手とその方法にどう影響しているか」、「多くの文脈でパンデミックを特徴づけているサービスへのアクセスが不均等であることを考えると、教育の公平性にどのような持続的影響が生じるだろうか」などである。実際、FLPに関する問題は、新型コロナの大流行がもたらした無数の社会的、経済的、精神的危機に照らして考えると、より重要性を増していると思われる。新型コロナ感染拡大による隔離期間は、世界中で「家族」という単位を強固なものにしたが、同時に「家族」に非常に大きなストレスを与え、ジェンダー、経済、人種的平等におけるここ数十年の成果を、覆さないまでも脅かすことになった。この講演で示されるように、パンデミックとそれに伴う社会的、文化的、経済的な変化は、これまで以上に、FLPを現実的な課題に直結させ、重要で不可欠なものにしている。Over the last decade, a large and diverse body of research has coalesced under the banner of ‘family language policy’ (FLP). This talk reviews recent advances and developments in FLP research, considering critiques of the field, growing pains and new directions. Important critiques include limitations of who participated in past studies, what counted as‘ family’, and how that data was collected and analyzed. As FLP researchers advance their work in COVID contexts, these growing pains have prompted new directions in methodology and focus as well as new questions. These include: ‘What will the impact of extended quarantines be on child acquisition of home/heritage languages and on school/societal languages?’,‘ How does now near ubiquitous video technology shape who we interact with and how?’, and ‘What will be lasting impacts on educational equity given the uneven access to services that have defined the pandemic in many contexts?’ Indeed, questions of family language policy seem all the more crucial in light of the myriad social, economic and psycho-emotional crises brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Worldwide, COVID-19 quarantines have centralized the family unit, but simultaneously put it under huge stress, threatening if not reversing the gains of recent decades in gender, economic, and racial equality. As this talk demonstrates, the pandemic and the social, cultural and economic shifts it entails, has made FLP more relevant, central, and crucial than ever.講演録Plenary Lectur

Language Revitalisation in the Andes: Can the Schools Reverse Language Shift?

Quechua, often known as the language of the Incas, remains today a vital language with over 10 million speakers in several Andean republics. Nevertheless, census records and sociolinguistic studies document a continuous cross-generational shift from Quechua monolingualism to Spanish monolingualism in the latter half of the twentieth century, at both individual and community levels. An increasing awareness of the potential threat to the language has led to a variety of new initiatives for Quechua revitalization in the 1990s, initiatives which go beyond earlier experimental bilingual education projects designed primarily to provide mother tongue literacy instruction to indigenous children (in transitional or maintenance programs) to larger or more rooted efforts to extend indigenous language and literacy instruction to new speakers as well. Drawing on documents, interviews, and on-site participant observation, this paper will review and comment on two recent such initiatives: Bolivia’s 1994 national educational reform incorporating the provision of bilingual intercultural education on a national scale; and a community-based effort to incorporate Quichua as a second language instruction in a school of the Ecuadorian highlands

Bilingüismo aditivo por meio de política lingüística da família: estratégias, identidades e resultados interacionais

This paper summarizes data from two case studies of how two families enact language policies with the goal of cultivating early and additive bilingualism. The focus is on primary caretakers’ everyday speech and their interactional strategies. Our aim is to provide insight and additional descriptive data concerning how family language policies are established, enacted, and negotiated in the home. The findings suggest that caretaker status (mother vs. nanny) plays a role in quantity of speech, but not necessarily in the complexity of that speech. All primary caretakers (that is, both mothers and nannies) tended to stick with their stated language policy and to avoid English; in contrast, children frequently used English in interactions with caretakers. In response to children’s non-target language use, all caretakers were most likely to ‘moveon’ and to continue the conversation in the target language. However, mothers were found to be more likely than nannies to expand on and incorporate the child’s non-target language utterance into their own turn. Nannies, in contrast, were more likely to engage in explicit teaching or prompting. The findings are discussed in terms of child learning opportunities but also with an eye to how caretakers’ language use patterns are linked to their identities within the family. Key words: bilingualism, language policy, child second language acquisition.Este artigo apresenta dados de dois estudos de caso a respeito de como duas famílias praticam política lingüística com o objetivo de promover bilingüismo precoce e aditivo. O foco recai sobre a fala diária de cuidadores principais e suas estratégias interacionais. Nosso objetivo é oferecer insight e dados descritivos adicionais sobre como políticas lingüísticas familiares são estabelecidas, postas em prática e negociadas no ambiente familiar. Os resultados sugerem que o status da cuidadora (mãe versus babá) tem um papel importante na quantidade de fala, mas não necessariamente sobre a complexidade dessa fala. Todas as cuidadoras primárias (ou seja, ambas as mães e as babás) mantiveram-se fiéis a política lingüística abertamente estabelecida na família e evitaram usar inglês; em contraste, as crianças freqüentemente usaram inglês em suas interações com as cuidadoras. Em resposta ao não uso da língua alvo pelas crianças, o mais provável era que todas as cuidadoras continuavam a conversa na língua alvo. Contudo, as mães mais do que as babás expandiam e incorporavam o enunciado da criança não produzido na língua alvo em seus próprios turnos de fala. As babás, em contraste, tendiam a se engajar em ensino explícito ou prompting (no sentido de induzir a criança a falar). Esses resultados são discutidos em termos das oportunidades de aprender que a criança tem, mas também em termos de como os padrões de uso da linguagem pelas cuidadoras estava ligado a suas identidades dentro da família. Palavras-chave: bilingüismo, política lingüística, aquisição de segunda língua pela criança

Authenticity and Unification in Quechua Language Planning

With more than ten million speakers and numerous local and regional varieties, the unification and standardization of Quechua/Quichua has been a complicated, politically charged, and lengthy process. In most Andean nations, great strides have been made towards unification of the language in recent decades. However, the process is far from complete, and multiple unresolved issues remain, at both national and local levels. A frequent sticking point in the process is the concern that the authenticity of the language will be lost in the move towards unification. This paper examines the potentially problematic tension between the goals of authenticity and unification. One case examines an orthographic debate which arose in the process of establishing an official orthography for Quechua at the national level in Peru. The second case study moves to the local level and concerns two indigenous communities in Saraguro in the southern Ecuadorian highlands where Spanish predominates but two Quichua varieties co-exist. The final section considers the implications of these debates and tensions for language planning and policy

The Effect of Water Vapor on Flame Velocity in Equivalent Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen Mixtures

This report presents the results of an investigation to study the effect of water vapor upon the spatial speed of flame in equivalent mixtures of carbon monoxide and oxygen at various total pressures from 100 to 780 mm.hg. These results show that, within this pressure range, an increase in flame speed is produced by increasing the mole fraction of water vapor at least as far as saturation at 25 degrees c., and that the rate of this increase is greater the higher the pressure. It is evident that water vapor plays an important part in the explosive oxidation of carbon monoxide; the need for further experimental evidence as to the nature of its action is indicated