The Effects Of Group Bibliocounseling On Selected Fourth-Grade Students Who Are Underachieving In Reading

PURPOSE: The study was designed to test the effectiveness of group counseling utilizing books as an adjunct, bibliocounseling, on fourth-grade Caucasian boys who were underachieving in reading. Null hypotheses stated that group bibliocounseling would not have a statistically significant effect upon: ( 1) reading comprehension, (2) vocabulary, (3) reading attitude, and (4) reading self-concept

Ionization Rate, Temperature, and Number Density for Breakdown Waves with a Large Current Behind the Shock Front

A three component, one-dimensional, constant velocity, steady-state fluid model is employed to describe the breakdown waves with a current behind the wave front propagating into a neutral gas subjected to an external electric field. Electron gas partial pressure is much larger than that of the other species and therefore is considered to provide the driving force for the wave. The system of equations includes the equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy coupled with Poisson’s equation. Inclusion of current behind the wave front in the system of fluid equations also alters the initial boundary conditions and ionization rate. We are considering an ionization rate which changes from accelerational ionization at the front of the wave to directed velocity ionization in the intermediate stages of the wave to thermal ionization at the end of the wave. Using the modified boundary conditions, the set of electron fluid dynamical equations have been integrated through the dynamical transition region of the wave. The effect of current behind the shock front on the wave profile for electric field, electron velocity, ionization rate, electron number density, and electron temperature will be presented

Valuing EQ-5D health states: A review and analysis, CHERE Working Paper 2007/9

Objective: To identify the key methodological issues in the construction of population-level EQ-5D / Time Trade-Off (TTO) preference elicitation studies. Study Design: This study involves three components. The first was to identify existing population-level EQ-5D TTO studies. The second was to illustrate and discuss the key areas of divergence between studies, including the international comparison of tariffs. The third was to portray the relative merits of each of the approaches, and to compare the results of studies across countries. Results: While most papers report use of the protocol developed in the original UK study, we identified three key areas of divergence in the construction and analysis of surveys. These are the number of health states valued in order to determine the algorithm for estimating all health states, the approach to valuing states worse than immediate death, and the choice of algorithm. Finally, the evidence on international comparisons suggests differences between countries, although it is difficult to disentangle differences in cultural attitudes with random error and differences due to methodological divergence. Conclusion: Differences in methods are likely to obscure true differences in values between countries. However, population-specific valuation sets for countries engaging in economic evaluation would better represent societal attitudes.health state valuation, EQ5-D

Expanding Representations for Historical Content in Literacy

In spite of the need for literacy educators to possess an understanding of the history of the field, such historical perspectives are often absent in current programs, even at the graduate level. Fortunately, embedding history in programs and courses can be done in a variety of meaningful, engaging, and simple ways. In this article we present and describe several approaches for instructors who want to embed or even expand history into current literacy courses. We organize these approaches into three areas: Inquiry-based learning, dramatic structures, and humanistic approaches