Vessel-Source Pollution and the Law of the Sea

On March 16, 1978, history\u27s worst oil spill occurred when the tanker Amoco Cadiz lost her steering and drifted onto rocky shoals off the French coast. Approximately 223,000 tons of oil were spilled, polluting and ruining over 100 miles of the Brittany coast, an area that previously had supplied one-third of France\u27s seafood and had attracted tourists from all over Europe. Despite all this damage, only thirty million dollars was available for cleanup--none to repair the ecological devastation. Although this well-publicized accident shocked the world, it was only one of many oil spills that occurred during 1978. By definition, vessel-source pollution not only refers to oil pollution from accidents at sea such as that of the Amoco Cadiz, it also encompasses pollution from several other sources. Vessel-source pollution includes any type of pollution originating from vessels engaged in navigation or transportation, as distinguished from pollutants that are discharged from ships engaged in ocean dumping. These international operational discharges, which include reballasting and tank cleaning, constitute approximately eighty percent of the world\u27s vessel-source oil pollution. Even pollution from vessels mining the deep seabed can and should be categorized and regulated as vessel-source pollution. Toxic chemicals, liquefied natural gas (LNG), and other hazardous materials are additional examples of potential pollutants that should be regulated by vessel-source pollution legislation. Although various pollutants are subsumed within the category of vessel-source pollution, domestic and international provisions concerning vessel-source pollution have focused primarily on discharges and accidents involving oil. This Article, therefore, will examine vessel-source pollution from the perspective of oil pollution

Dispute Settlement in International Environmental Issues: The Model Provided by the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea

This Essay discusses the merits of the dispute settlement provisions found in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and calls for recognition and utilization of the provisions in all manner of disputes arising within the international legal community. Professor Kindt notes that despite the fact that the Convention\u27s dispute settlement provisions represent the first time all major interest blocs of states have agreed upon a standard set of provisions for dispute settlement, the provisions have not received the attention they deserve. After analyzing the reasons for this lack of consideration, he urges that the dispute settlement provisions serve as quasi-boilerplate language in multilateral treaties, especially in the area of international environmental law. In part H of this Essay, Professor Kindt examines the application of these provisions in relation to particular law of the sea issues and argues that more extensive use of the dispute settlement provisions would better serve the goal of maintaining a favorable legal order. He cites specific recent examples in which the application of these provisions would have fostered the resolution of disputes. In part III, Professor Kindt analyzes the three major divisions of the dispute settlement provisions: 1) the general provisions; 2) the compulsory procedures leading to binding decisions; and 3) the limitations and exceptions to compulsory procedures. He then explains their application in a variety of situations and concludes that the provisions offer a stable and efficient means of handling international disputes, especially with regard to environmental issues. Since a large number of countries representing a wide array of political, economic, and ideological views agreed to the substance of the dispute settlement provisions, Professor Kindt argues that the provisions represent customary international law and should be utilized to the fullest extent possible

Some foundational and methodical problems of the empirical theory of literature

Kindt W. Some foundational and methodical problems of the empirical theory of literature. Poetics. 1981;10(4-5):483-513

Array Decomposition‐Fast Multipole Method for finite array analysis

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95440/1/rds5001.pd

Array decomposition-fast multipole method for finite array analysis

An innovative approach is presented for analyzing finite arrays of regularly spaced elements. We review the recently proposed Array Decomposition Method, which exploits the block-Toeplitz property of regularly spaced arrays for significant storage reduction. To further reduce storage, in this paper we incorporate a multipole expansion to treat distant element interactions. The suggested approach overcomes the matrix storage bottleneck associated with integral equation methods, resulting in fixed and minimal matrix storage for any sized array (on the same order as the storage of a single array element). Hence, fast and rigorous analysis of very large finite arrays can be accomplished with limited resources