4,549 research outputs found
Offering the Choice of Self-Administered Oral HIV Testing (CHIVST) among Long-distance Truck Drivers in Kenya: A Trial-based Cost-effectiveness Analysis
Background: Long distance truck drivers (LDTD) are a high-HIV-risk population facing unique healthcare barriers due to continuous travel and irregular schedules, and may require targeted, resource-intensive strategies for HIV-test uptake. We conducted a trial-based cost-effectiveness of CHIVST among LDTD in Kenya.
Methods: Effectiveness data came from a randomized-controlled trial of CHIVST (n=150) versus provider-administered testing (n=155). Economic cost data came from the literature and reflected a societal perspective. Generalized Poisson and linear-gamma regression models estimated the effectiveness (relative-risk) and incremental costs (2017 I9,774).
Results: HIV-test uptake was 23% more likely for CHIVST versus provider-administered HIVtesting, with six individuals needing to be offered CHIVST for an additional HIV-test uptake (6.25, 95%CI 5.00-8.33). The mean cost per patient was more than double for CHIVST (I10.47). The incremental cost-effectiveness of CHIVST was I140.
Conclusion: CHIVST is an efficient use of resources compared to provider-administered testing.https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/gradposters/1114/thumbnail.jp
Phase change indicators for subambient temperatures
Evaluation of organic compounds for temperature indicators for subambient temperature
Improving the Functional Control of Aged Ferroelectrics using Insights from Atomistic Modelling
We provide a fundamental insight into the microscopic mechanisms of the
ageing processes. Using large scale molecular dynamics simulations of the
prototypical ferroelectric material PbTiO3, we demonstrate that the
experimentally observed ageing phenomena can be reproduced from intrinsic
interactions of defect-dipoles related to dopant-vacancy associates, even in
the absence of extrinsic effects. We show that variation of the dopant
concentration modifies the material's hysteretic response. We identify a
universal method to reduce loss and tune the electromechanical properties of
inexpensive ceramics for efficient technologies.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
Evaluating racial and ethnic disparities in access to primary care among gay and bisexual men in the US, a population at high-risk of HIV infection
BACKGROUND: 69% of new HIV diagnoses in the US are among gay and bisexual men, with disparities by race and ethnicity. Primary care providers increasingly provide HIV prevention. Racial and ethnic disparities in primary care access are well-documented, but their persistence among gay and bisexual men is unknown. We examined racial and ethnic disparities in access to primary care among this population.
METHODS: We used nationally representative person-level sociodemographic, health status and utilization data, and data on organizational- and socially determinant barriers to care, from the National Health Interview Survey, 2013-2018. Outcomes were: 1) general physician visit
RESULTS: The sample included 1,867 gay and bisexual men (unweighted), 18-64 years with 28% NHB or Hispanic. NHB and Hispanic men were less likely have seen a general provider within the past 12 months (aOR=0.76, p=0.10) but the result was not significant with no difference in having a usual place of care (aOR=1.11, p=0.616). Findings were sensitive to the specification of primary care site as usual place of care.
CONCLUSIONS: Significant racial and ethnic disparities were observed when specifying a primary care specific site as place of care. Primary care engagement should be immediately prioritized to promote access and equity of HIV prevention.https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/gradposters/1140/thumbnail.jp
Core Formation in Dwarf Halos with Self Interacting Dark Matter: No Fine-Tuning Necessary
We investigate the effect of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) on the
density profiles of isolated dwarf dark
matter halos -- the scale of relevance for the too big to fail problem (TBTF)
-- using very high-resolution cosmological zoom simulations. Each halo has
millions of particles within its virial radius. We find that SIDM models with
cross sections per unit mass spanning the range \sigma/m =
alleviate TBTF and produce constant density cores of size
300-1000 pc, comparable to the half-light radii of ~
dwarfs. The largest, lowest density cores develop for cross sections
in the middle of this range, \sigma/m ~ . Our largest SIDM
cross section run (\sigma/m = ) develops a slightly denser core
owing to mild core-collapse behavior, but it remains less dense than the CDM
case and retains a constant density core profile. Our work suggests that SIDM
cross sections as large or larger than remain viable on
velocity scales of dwarf galaxies ( ~ ). The range
of SIDM cross sections that alleviate TBTF and the cusp/core problem spans at
least two orders of magnitude and therefore need not be particularly
fine-tuned.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure
Sweating the small stuff: simulating dwarf galaxies, ultra-faint dwarf galaxies, and their own tiny satellites
We present FIRE/Gizmo hydrodynamic zoom-in simulations of isolated dark
matter halos, two each at the mass of classical dwarf galaxies () and ultra-faint galaxies (), and with two feedback implementations. The resultant central
galaxies lie on an extrapolated abundance matching relation from to without a break. Every host is filled with
subhalos, many of which form stars. Our dwarfs with each have 1-2 well-resolved satellites with . Even our isolated ultra-faint galaxies have
star-forming subhalos. If this is representative, dwarf galaxies throughout the
universe should commonly host tiny satellite galaxies of their own. We combine
our results with the ELVIS simulations to show that targeting regions around nearby isolated dwarfs could increase the chances of
discovering ultra-faint galaxies by compared to random halo
pointings, and specifically identify the region around the Phoenix dwarf galaxy
as a good potential target.
The well-resolved ultra-faint galaxies in our simulations () form within halos. Each has a uniformly ancient stellar population () owing to reionization-related quenching. More massive systems, in
contrast, all have late-time star formation. Our results suggest that is a probable dividing line between halos
hosting reionization "fossils" and those hosting dwarfs that can continue to
form stars in isolation after reionization.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, submitted to MNRA
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