Phase change indicators for subambient temperatures

Evaluation of organic compounds for temperature indicators for subambient temperature

Using the tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in the prevention of meningococcal disease

Invasive meningococcal disease occurs worldwide causing an estimated 50,000–135,000 deaths each year in addition to significant sequelae. In developed countries the disease is usually sporadic but outbreaks and epidemics, usually due to serogroups B and C, have occurred. In the US, an increasing number of cases are due to serogroup Y. In developing nations, epidemics due to serogroups A and more recently W-135, are common. The tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine to serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135 (MCV4) has been demonstrated to be highly immunogenic and promote immune memory. This article will describe the rationale for the vaccine and its potential role to significantly decrease mortality and morbidity of meningococcal disease in those areas and populations at greatest risk from these serogroups

People v. Tamborrino: Should Inquiry by a Trial Judge into Confidential Communication between the Attorney and the Accused Be Harmless Error

In People v. Tamborrino, decided in 1989, the California Court of Appeal held that a trial judge\u27s violation of the criminal defendant\u27s attorney-client privilege, in the presence of the jury, constituted harmless error. The rule relied upon by the court was that an error is harmless if the court concludes beyond a reasonable doubt that the evidence complained of did not contribute to the conviction. This Casenote discusses whether this harmless error rule should apply when the trial judge invades the attorney-client privilege or whether the error should be automatically reversible. The Casenote analyzes both federal and California constitutional law. The author proposes that an inquisition by the trial judge regarding confidential attorney-client communications, in the presence of a jury, should be grounds for automatic reversal under both the Federal Constitution and California Constitution

Improving the Functional Control of Aged Ferroelectrics using Insights from Atomistic Modelling

We provide a fundamental insight into the microscopic mechanisms of the ageing processes. Using large scale molecular dynamics simulations of the prototypical ferroelectric material PbTiO3, we demonstrate that the experimentally observed ageing phenomena can be reproduced from intrinsic interactions of defect-dipoles related to dopant-vacancy associates, even in the absence of extrinsic effects. We show that variation of the dopant concentration modifies the material's hysteretic response. We identify a universal method to reduce loss and tune the electromechanical properties of inexpensive ceramics for efficient technologies.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

Entanglement Cost of Nonlocal Measurements

For certain joint measurements on a pair of spatially separated particles, we ask how much entanglement is needed to carry out the measurement exactly. For a class of orthogonal measurements on two qubits with partially entangled eigenstates, we present upper and lower bounds on the entanglement cost. The upper bound is based on a recent result by D. Berry [Phys. Rev. A 75, 032349 (2007)]. The lower bound, based on the entanglement production capacity of the measurement, implies that for almost all measurements in the class we consider, the entanglement required to perform the measurement is strictly greater than the average entanglement of its eigenstates. On the other hand, we show that for any complete measurement in d x d dimensions that is invariant under all local Pauli operations, the cost of the measurement is exactly equal to the average entanglement of the states associated with the outcomes.Comment: 14 pages; new result in v4: cost of an arbitrary measurement invariant under local Pauli operation

Linear modal instabilities of hypersonic flow over an elliptic cone

Steady laminar flow over a rounded-tip 2 : 1 elliptic cone of 0.86 m length at zero angle of attack and yaw has been computed at Mach number 7.45 and unit Reynolds number Re′ = 1.015 × 107 m−1. The flow conditions are selected to match the planned flight of the Hypersonic Flight Research Experimentation HIFiRE-5 test geometry at an altitude of 21.8 km. Spatial linear BiGlobal modal instability analysis of this flow has been performed at selected streamwise locations on planes normal to the cone symmetry axis, resolving the entire flow domain in a coupled manner while exploiting flow symmetries. Four amplified classes of linear eigenmodes have been unravelled. The shear layer formed near the cone minor-axis centreline gives rise to amplified symmetric and antisymmetric centreline instability modes, classified as shear-layer instabilities. At the attachment line formed along the major axis of the cone, both symmetric and antisymmetric instabilities are also discovered and identified as boundary-layer second Mack modes. In both cases of centreline and attachment-line modes, symmetric instabilities are found to be more unstable than their antisymmetric counterparts. Furthermore, spatial BiGlobal analysis is used for the first time to resolve oblique second modes and cross-flow instabilities in the boundary layer between the major- and minor-axis meridians. Contrary to predictions for the incompressible regime for swept infinite wing flow, the cross-flow instabilities are not found to be linked to the attachment-line instabilities. In fact, cross-flow modes peak along most of the surface of the cone, but vanish towards the attachment line. On the other hand, the leading oblique second modes peak near the leading edge and their associated frequencies are in the range of the attachment-line instability frequencies. Consequently, the attachment-line instabilities are observed to be related to oblique second modes at the major-axis meridian. The linear amplification of centreline and attachment-line instability modes is found to be strong enough to lead to laminar–turbulent flow transition within the length of the test object. The predictions of global linear theory are compared with those of local instability analysis, also performed here under the assumption of locally parallel flow, where use of this assumption is permissible. Fair agreement is obtained for symmetric centreline and symmetric attachment-line modes, while for all other classes of linear disturbances use of the proposed global analysis methodology is warranted for accurate linear instability predictions