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    - During the Kim Il Sung and the Kim Jung Un Eras

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021. 2. ๋ฐ•ํƒœ๊ท .๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก (ABSTRACT IN KOREA) ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ณด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ์™€ ์ง•๋ฒŒ์  ์กฐ์น˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์žฌ์ •์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ต์  ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ ๋Œ€์™ธ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „ํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์™ธ๋ถ€์š”์ธ์ด ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฐํƒ•ํŠธ ์‹œ๋Œ€(1960~1979)์™€ ๊น€์ •์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€(2011~2011๋…„)์˜ ๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„๋œ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถํ•œ๊ณผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์šฐ์„ , ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ํ†ต์น˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐํƒ•ํŠธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์ฃผ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฌ์ •์  ์ง€์›์„ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋งบ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋„, ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊น€์ •์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์œ ์—”๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ถํ•ํ•œ ์žฌ์ •์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ œ์žฌ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๊น€์ •์€ ์ •๊ถŒ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–‘์ธก๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ์œ„๊ธ‰ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๋ชฉ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ง€์› ํ–‰ํƒœ ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ๋Œ€์™ธ์ •์ฑ…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์š”์ธ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ์™€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ง€์›, ๋‚จํ•œ์˜ ํ• ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ(Hallstein Doctrine)์›์น™์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ต์ •์ฑ… ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„๋™๋งน์šด๋™(NAM) ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์š”์ธ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ถํ•œ๊ณผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€์™ธ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. Key words :๋ถํ•œ,์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด,์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„,๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ต๋ฅ˜,๊ตญ์ œ ์ œ์žฌ,๋‚จํ•œ์˜ ํ• ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ(Hallstein Doctrine) ์›์น™ Student Number: 2017- 20782ABSTRACT North Korea, an isolated and impoverished nation, still maintains its relatively stable regime despite all the international sanctions and punitive measures. The deep analysis of the hidden foreign relation between the DPRK and Africa could extend our existing perceptions and offer alternative perspectives to handle continuous threats posed by this secretive country in different ways. In this background, crucial external reasons for the reorientation of North Korean foreign policy in Africa will be analyzed by a comparative study between the Dรฉtente period (1960-1979) during the Kim Il Sung era and the Kim Jung Un eras (2011- present). Why does the foreign relation between North Korea and African nations matter? In the past, North Korea pursued amicable diplomatic relations with African nations for decades ultimately to obtain reliable supports from them on the international stage in the diplomatic competition with South Korea. Besides promoting the ideology Juche (self-reliance) and providing infrastructure and military assistance to African countries, North Korea passionately tried to bond close ties with the African counterparts to escape from its isolated international position. Even until Nowadays, some African countries have still functioned as financial lifelines for the benefits of the DPRK against severe sanctions imposed by the U.N. and the United States, the official diplomatic exchanges between the two regions have significantly decreased. The difference in the previous and current North Korean foreign policy strategies in Africa can be more clearly presented by comparing the dรฉtente period when North Korea established the most robust diplomatic relations with African nations and the recent Kim Jong Un regime when its whole external relation is greatly limited under the unprecedentedly severe international sanctions. Firstly, the shifted North Korean foreign policy in Africa during the two different periods will be measured by two indicators: the exchange of high-level officers and the military assistance from North Korea to African nations. Secondly, the four external factors that have been influencing North Koreas foreign policy were selected: international sanctions, military assistance from the DPRK, the Hallstein doctrine of South Korea, and the solidarity of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). By closely reviewing these factors individually and analyzing what influence they have had on the diplomatic relation between the DPRK and Africa, it will be revealed how the reorientation of the DPRKs foreign policy in Africa has been evolved. Keywords: North Korea, Africa, diplomatic relation, military exchange, international sanction, Hallstein doctrine of South Korea Student Number: 2017- 20782I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Research Background 1 2. Research Questions & Hypothesis 5 3. Literature Review 7 4. Methodology 11 II. DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY 14 1. The difference between Foreign Policy and diplomacy 14 2. The determinants of Foreign Policy 16 III. GENERAL REVIEW 18 1. The overview of foreign relations between North Korea and Africa 18 2. A comparative study between Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Un Eras 23 IV. REDIRECTION OF NORTH KOREAN FOREIGN POLICY IN AFRICA 26 1. Official exchanges of high-level officers 26 2. The military assistance 38 V. ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL FACTORS 46 1 Sanction on the trade between the DPRK and African nations 47 2 The Hallstein doctrine of South Korea 63 3 The solidarity of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) 67 VI. CONCLUSION 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY 77 ABSTRACT IN KOREA 87 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 89Maste

    Electron bunching from a dc-biased, single-surface multipactor with realistically broad energy spectrum and emission angle of secondary electrons

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    We studied the influences of wide energy spectrum and emission angle of secondary electrons on electron bunching from a dc-biased single surface multipactor. In our previous study of the same system, an ideally narrow energy spread of secondary electrons without emission angle was used in the analysis of the electron trajectory [M. S. Hur, J.-I. Kim, G.-J. Kim, and S.-G. Jeon, Phys. Plasmas 18, 033103 (2011) and S.-G. Jeon, J.-I. Kim, S.-T. Han, S.-S. Jung, and J. U. Kim, Phys. Plasmas 16, 073101 (2009)]. In this paper, we investigated the cases with realistic energy spectrum, which is featured by a wide energy spread and significant emission angle. To theoretically approach the matter of emission angle, we employed a concept of effective longitudinal velocity distribution. The theoretical results are verified by particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. We also studied the electron bunching from a copper by PIC simulations, where we observed stable electron bunches with bunch width of approximately 80 mu m.open3
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