Psykobiologinen persoonallisuus : sitä ennustavat lapsuuden ympäristötekijät sekä kehittyminen ja yhteydet hyvinvointiin aikuisuudessa

Few prospective studies have studied the development and outcomes of personality from childhood to adulthood in the light of the psychobiological theory. This study takes personality, as defined by the psychobiological theory, as the core focus and explores the predictors, development, and outcomes of adulthood personality. This study also seeks to answer an important theoretical question in personality psychology: are there observable qualitative differences between temperament and character? The participants come from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (CRYF), which started in 1980. It consists of six different birth cohorts that were from three to eighteen years old in 1980. There have been eight follow-ups since then, the latest in 2012. The participants parents answered questions about home environment in 1983. Personality was measured in 1997, 2001, and 2007, depressive symptoms in 1997, 2001, and 2007, and well-being in 2001. There were 2814, 1083, 1940, and 1911 participants in studies I-IV, respectively. The results showed that character developed towards greater maturity in adulthood, although Self-transcendence decreased with age. Self-transcendence was the strongest predictor of overall personality change. Regarding temperament, Novelty Seeking decreased and Persistence increased slightly with age. Temperament and character traits followed different kinds of developmental trajectories. Parental care-giving and home-environment were more strongly associated with offspring character traits reflecting personality maturity (Self-directedness and Cooperativeness) than with offspring temperament traits. The differences were most evident in the cumulative effects model. Self-directedness and Cooperativeness were positively associated with well-being. Self-transcendence increased both positive and negative affect. High Harm Avoidance and low Self-directedness strongly related to depressive symptoms. In addition, sensitive (NHR) and fanatical people (ScT) were especially vulnerable to depressive symptoms. Temperament and character had qualitative differences, which has important theoretical significance. Character was strongly influenced by childhood family environment and was strongly associated with well-being. Character development should be facilitated when trying to reduce ill-being and increase well-being.On olemassa vain muutamia prospektiivisia tutkimuksia, jotka ovat tarkastelleet persoonallisuuden kehitystä ja seurauksia lapsesta aikuisuuteen psykobiologisen teorian näkökulmasta. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan psykobiologisen teorian mukaista persoonallisuutta ja sen ennustajia, kehitystä ja seurauksia aikuisuudessa. Tutkimus pyrkii vastaamaan myös tärkeään persoonallisuusteoreettiseen kysymykseen: onko temperamentin ja luonteen välillä havaittavia laadullisia eroja? Osallistujat tulevat Lasten Sepelvaltimotaudin Riskitekijät -tutkimuksesta (LASERI), joka alkoi vuonna 1980. Se koostuu kuudesta syntymäkohortista, jotka olivat vuonna 1980 3-18 -vuotiaita. LASERIssa on tehty 8 seurantatutkimusta, joista viimeisin vuonna 2012. Osallistujien vanhemmat vastasivat kysymyksiin kotiympäristöstä vuonna 1983. Persoonallisuutta mitattiin vuosina 1997, 2001 ja 2007, masennusoireita 1997, 2001 ja 2007, ja hyvinvointia 2001. Koehenkilöitä tutkimuksissa I-IV oli 2814, 1083, 1940 ja 1911. Tulosten mukaan luonne kehittyi kohti suurempaa kypsyyttä aikuisuudessa, vaikkakin henkisyys laski iän myötä. Henkisyys oli vahvin persoonallisuuden kokonaismuutoksen ennustaja. Temperamenttipiirteistä uutuudenetsintä laski ja sinnikkyys nousi hieman iän myötä. Temperamentti ja luonne seurasivat erilaisia kehityspolkuja. Lapsuuden hoiva- ja kotiympäristö oli voimakkaammin yhteydessä kypsyyttä kuvaavin persoonallisuuspiirteisiin (itseohjautuvuus, yhteistyö) kuin temperamenttiin. Erot olivat selvimpiä kumulatiivisten vaikutusten mallissa. Itseohjautuvuus ja yhteistyö olivat positiivisesti yhteydessä hyvinvointiin. Henkisyys lisäsi sekä positiivisia että negatiivisia tunteita. Korkea haitanvälttäminen ja matala itseohjautuvuus olivat voimakkaasti yhteydessä masennusoireisiin. Sensitiiviset (NHR) ja fanaattiset ihmiset (ScT) olivat erityisen haavoittuvia masennusoireille. Temperamentissa ja luonteessa havaittiin laadullisia eroja, millä on tärkeää teoreettista merkitystä. Luonteeseen vaikutti voimakkaasti lapsuuden perheympäristö, ja luonne oli voimakkaasti yhteydessä hyvinvointiin. Kun hyvinvointia yritetään lisätä ja henkistä pahoinvointia vähentää, luonnepiirteiden kasvua ja kehittymistä pitäisi pyrkiä tukemaan

Personality Profiles Identify Depressive Symptoms over Ten Years? A Population-Based Study

Little is known about the relationship between temperament and character inventory (TCI) profiles and depressive symptoms. Personality profiles are useful, because personality traits may have different effects on depressive symptoms when combined with different combinations of other traits. Participants were from the population-based Young Finns study with repeated measurements in 1997, 2001, and 2007 (n = 1402 to 1902). TCI was administered in 1997 and mild depressive symptoms (modified Beck's depression inventory, BDI) were reported in 1997, 2001, and 2007. BDI-II was also administered in 2007. We found that high harm avoidance and low self-directedness related strongly to depressive symptoms. In addition, sensitive (NHR) and fanatical people (ScT) were especially vulnerable to depressive symptoms. high novelty seeking and reward dependence increased depressive symptoms when harm avoidance was high. These associations were very similar in cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Personality profiles help in understanding the complex associations between depressive symptoms and personality

Coronary heart disease and risk factors as predictors of trajectories of psychological distress from midlife to old age

Objective To examine coronary heart disease (CHD) and its risk factors as predictors of long-term trajectories of psychological distress from midlife to old age. Methods In the Whitehall II cohort study, 6890 participants (4814 men, 2076 women; mean age 49.5 years) had up to seven repeat assessments of psychological distress over 21 years (mean follow-up 19 years). CHD and its risk factors (lifestyle-related risk factors, diabetes, hypertension and cholesterol) were assessed at baseline. Group-based trajectory modelling was used to identify clusters of individuals with a similar pattern of psychological distress over time. Results We identified four trajectories of psychological distress over the follow-up: 'persistently low (69% of the participants), 'persistently intermediate' (13%), 'intermediate to low' (12%) and 'persistently high' (7%). The corresponding proportions were 60%, 16%, 13% and 11% among participants with CHD; 63%, 15%, 12% and 10% among smokers and 63%, 16%, 12% and 10% among obese participants. In multivariable adjusted multinomial regression analyses comparing other trajectories to persistently low trajectory, prevalent CHD was associated with intermediate to low (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.68) and persistently high (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.19) trajectories. Smoking (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.64; OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.04) and obesity (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.70; OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.01) were associated with persistently intermediate and persistently high trajectories, respectively. Conclusion CHD, smoking and obesity may have a role in the development of long-lasting psychological distress from midlife to old age.Peer reviewe

Teacher Awareness and Attitudes Regarding Adolescent Risk Behaviours : a Sample of Finnish Middle and High School Teachers

Empirical evidence has shown that youth gamble on both regulated and unregulated games, despite legislative prohibitions. This study assesses middle and high school teachers' awareness and attitudes regarding adolescent gambling and other potentially high-risk behaviours in Finland. A convenience sample of teachers (N = 157) from 13 provinces participated in the survey. The results suggest that teachers in Finland were more knowledgeable of the age limits of other adolescent high-risk behaviours than the legal age for gambling. Teachers were somewhat familiar with the behaviours and consequences associated with adolescent gambling. All other risk behaviours were perceived as being more important than gambling. Teachers' awareness about gambling prevention material in Finnish schools was limited. Results suggest that initiatives are required to enhance teachers' knowledge of adolescent problem gambling and its harmful short- and long-term consequences. School policies and guidelines including gambling behavior should be implemented in middle and high schools globally.Peer reviewe

Relationship transitions and change in health behavior : A four-phase, twelve-year longitudinal study

Rationale: Extensive scientific evidence shows an association between involvement in social relationships and healthy lifestyle. Prospective studies with many participants and long follow-ups are needed to study the dynamics and change in social factors within individuals over time. Objective: Our aim was to determine whether a change in relationship status (single, married, divorced, widow, cohabiting) is followed by a change in health behavior (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and body mass index). Methods: We used data from 81,925 healthy adults participating in the prospective longitudinal Finnish Public Sector Study in the period 2000-2013. We analyzed 327,700 person-observations from four data collection phases. Missing data were multiply imputed. A within-individual methodology was used to minimize the possibility of selection effects affecting the interpretation. Results: All four health behaviors showed associations with relationship status. The effects were very similar and in the same direction in women and men, although there were gender differences in the magnitudes of the effects. The end of a relationship was followed by a decrease in body mass index, increased odds of being a smoker, increase in physical activity, and increase in alcohol consumption (widowed men). The effects were reverse when forming a new relationship. Conclusion: A change in relationship status is associated with a change in health behavior. The association is not explained by socioeconomic status, subjective health status, or anxiety level. People leaving or losing a relationship are at increased risk of unhealthy behavior (smoking and alcohol consumption), but at the same time they have a lower BMI and show higher physical activity compared to the time they were in a relationship. It is not clear if the cumulative health effect of these health behavior changes is positive or negative.Peer reviewe

Vanhuspalveluiden henkilöstö ja työn tuloksellisuus rakennemuutoksessa

Vanhuspalvelut ovat julkisessa keskustelussa tasaisin väliajoin. Aiemmin keskusteltiin laitospalveluista ja henkilöstömitoituksesta, nyt kotihoidosta. Keskusteluun onkin syytä. Vanhuspalveluiden henkilöstö on pitkään pitänyt kyseenalaista kärkisijaa kuormituksessa. Kun painopiste on siirtynyt laitospalveluista kotihoitoon, on henkilöstön kuormitus lisääntynyt myös kotihoidossa. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin, mitä palvelurakenteen muutos merkitsee henkilöstölle. Tutkimus perustuu pääosin vuosien 2015 2016 vaihteessa tehty henkilöstökyselyyn, jonka tulokset esitellään nyt ensimmäistä kertaa kokonaisuutena. Raportissa verrataan laitoshoitovaltaisten ja kotihoitovaltaisten kuntien henkilöstön hyvinvointia ja hoidon laatua henkilöstön kuvaamana. Tulosten pohjalta annetaan suosituksia toiminnan kehittämiseksi

Maturity and Change in Personality: Developmental Trends of Temperament and Character in Adulthood

Lähteen ID: 000322120600011Peer reviewe