Variation of quercetin glycoside derivatives in three onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties

AbstractThe aim of this study was to quantify the contents of individual quercetin glycosides in red, yellow and chartreuse onion by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Acid hydrolysis of individual quercetin glycosides using 6M hydrochloric acid guided to identify and separate quercetin 7,4′-diglucoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 4′-glucoside, and quercetin. The contents of total quercetin glycosides varied extensively among three varieties (ranged from 16.10 to 103.93mg/g DW). Quercetin was the predominant compound that accounted mean 32.21mg/g DW in red onion (43.6% of the total) and 127.92mg/g DW in chartreuse onion (78.3% of the total) followed by quercetin 3-glucoside (28.83 and 24.16mg/g DW) respectively. Quercetin 3-glucoside levels were much higher in yellow onion (43.85mg/g DW) followed by quercetin 30.08mg/g DW. Quercetin 4′-glucoside documented the lowest amount that documented mean 2.4% of the total glycosides. The varied contents of glycosides present in the different onion varieties were significant

Construction of an Onion (Allium cepa L.) Genetic Linkage Map Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing Analysis with a Reference Gene Set and Identification of QTLs Controlling Anthocyanin Synthesis and Content

Anthocyanins, the pigmented flavonoids responsible for red and blue colors in horticultural products, promote human health by preventing cancers and lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease. Red onions contain several cyanidin- and peonidin-based anthocyanins. In this study, we constructed a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genetic linkage map in an F2 segregating population derived from a cross between the inbred line ‘SP3B’ (yellow bulb) and the doubled haploid line ‘H6′ (red bulb) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for total anthocyanin content of onion bulbs using a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis based on a reference gene set. A total of 101.9 Gbp of raw sequences were generated using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 system and a total of 1625 SNP loci were identified with the criteria of three minimum depths, lower than 30% missing rate, and more than 5% minor allele frequency. As a result, an onion genetic linkage map consisting of 319 GBS-based SNP loci and 34 high-resolution melting (HRM) markers was constructed with eight linkage groups and a total genetic distance of 881.4 cM. In addition, the linkage groups were assigned to corresponding chromosomes by comparison with the reference genetic map OH1×5225 through marker development based on common transcripts. The analysis revealed one major QTL, qAS7.1, for anthocyanin synthesis and two significant QTLs, qAC4.1 and qAC4.2, for anthocyanin content. The QTL qAS7.1, located on chromosome 7 with a phenotypic variation of 87.61%, may be a dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene that determines whether the bulb color is red or yellow. The QTLs qAC4.1 and qAC4.2 are separately positioned on chromosome 4 with R2 values of 19.43% and 26.28%, respectively. This map and QTL information will contribute to marker development and breeding for high anthocyanin content in bulb onion

Symmetric caging formation for convex polygonal object transportation by multiple mobile robots based on fuzzy sliding mode control

In this paper, the problem of object caging and transporting is considered for multiple mobile robots. With the consideration of minimizing the number of robots and decreasing the rotation of the object, the proper points are calculated and assigned to the multiple mobile robots to allow them to form a symmetric caging formation. The caging formation guarantees that all of the Euclidean distances between any two adjacent robots are smaller than the minimal width of the polygonal object so that the object cannot escape. In order to avoid collision among robots, the parameter of the robots radius is utilized to design the caging formation, and the A∗ algorithm is used so that mobile robots can move to the proper points. In order to avoid obstacles, the robots and the object are regarded as a rigid body to apply artificial potential field method. The fuzzy sliding mode control method is applied for tracking control of the nonholonomic mobile robots. Finally, the simulation and experimental results show that multiple mobile robots are able to cage and transport the polygonal object to the goal position, avoiding obstacles. © 2015 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A switching formation strategy for obstacle avoidance of a multi-robot system based on robot priority model

This paper describes a switching formation strategy for multi-robots with velocity constraints to avoid and cross obstacles. In the strategy, a leader robot plans a safe path using the geometric obstacle avoidance control method (GOACM). By calculating new desired distances and bearing angles with the leader robot, the follower robots switch into a safe formation. With considering collision avoidance, a novel robot priority model, based on the desired distance and bearing angle between the leader and follower robots, is designed during the obstacle avoidance process. The adaptive tracking control algorithm guarantees that the trajectory and velocity tracking errors converge to zero. To demonstrate the validity of the proposed methods, simulation and experiment results present that multi-robots effectively form and switch formation avoiding obstacles without collisions. © 2014 ISA.

Analysis of genetic diversity of yuzu (<i>Citrus junos</i> Sieb. Ex Tanaka) using single nucleotide polymorphisms identified through RNA-seq and whole-genome resequencing analyses

Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. Ex Tanaka) is widely cultivated in Asia. However, a system for variety identification has not been developed yet. RNA-seq analysis was performed to identify variants among five yuzu samples including a seedless variety. However, only four variants were found, suggesting that the seedless trait might originate from bud mutations. To identify more variants, whole-genome resequencing was performed. A total of 140 reliable variants were screened. Based on these variants, 30 high-resolution melting (HRM) markers were developed. After genotyping 265 yuzu samples using the HRM markers, the yuzu samples were classified into 18 types. Three yuzu-like samples (B-37-1, B-UK2, and B-MD6-8) showing different fruit morphologies and off-type HRM peak patterns were assumed to originate from interspecific hybridisation. To identify the parent species of these yuzu-like samples, nucleotide sequences of a hypervariable chloroplast genomic region and a nuclear CitRWP gene responsible for nucellar embryony were obtained. Chloroplast genome sequence analysis indicated that the maternal parents of B-37-1 and B-MD6-8 were yuzu, whereas the B-UK2 sequence was identical to that of sweet orange. Moreover, the CitRWP sequences indicated that the male parents of B-37-1, B-UK2, and B-MD6-8 were mandarin, yuzu, and pummelo, respectively.</p

A switched-system approach to formation control and heading consensus for multi-robot systems

This paper proposes a novel, hybrid and decentralized, switched-system approach for formation and heading consensus control of mobile robots under switching communication topology, including collision avoidance capability. The set of robots consists of nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots and can include a teleoperated UAV. The key feature of this approach is a virtual graph, which is derived by adding a set of relative translation vectors to the real graph of the multiple robots. Our approach results in the robots in the real graph moving to the desired formation and achieving heading consensus while the virtual robots on the virtual graph reach pose consensus. If any robot detects a nearby obstacle or other robot, the robot will temporarily move along an avoidance vector, which is perpendicular and positively projected onto the attractive vector, such that collision is avoided while minimally deviating from its formation control path. Experimental results are provided by two different research groups to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. These experiments extend the theoretical development by introducing a teleoperated quadrotor as a leader robot of the multi-robot systems. The same control law works for the extended system, with no modifications. © 2018 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature1

Complete chloroplast and ribosomal sequences for 30 accessions elucidate evolution of Oryza AA genome species

Cytoplasmic chloroplast (cp) genomes and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nR) are the primary sequences used to understand plant diversity and evolution. We introduce a high-throughput method to simultaneously obtain complete cp and nR sequences using Illumina platform whole-genome sequence. We applied the method to 30 rice specimens belonging to nine Oryza species. Concurrent phylogenomic analysis using cp and nR of several of specimens of the same Oryza AA genome species provides insight into the evolution and domestication of cultivated rice, clarifying three ambiguous but important issues in the evolution of wild Oryza species. First, cp-based trees clearly classify each lineage but can be biased by inter-subspecies cross-hybridization events during speciation. Second, O. glumaepatula, a South American wild rice, includes two cytoplasm types, one of which is derived from a recent interspecies hybridization with O. longistminata. Third, the Australian O. rufipogan-type rice is a perennial form of O. meridionalis