Die Entwicklung des Frauensports in Korea - Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Regierungszeit von Chunghee PARK (1961-1979) -

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Entwicklung und die Charakteristika des koreanischen Frauensports unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Regierung von Chunghee Park zwischen 1961 und 1979. Während dieser Zeit wurden Modernisierung und Industrialisierung des Landes vorangetrieben und es gab ein rasantes wirtschaftliches Wachstum. Präsident Park richtete auch die Sportpolitik neu aus, wobei dem Leistungssport besondere Priorität eingeräumt wurde. Dies hatte auch enorme Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung des Frauensports. Die neuen Rahmenbedingungen und umfangreiche Unterstützungsmaßnahmen ermöglichten es, den koreanischen Sport auf westliches Niveau zu heben. Die Geschichte des Frauensports wird analog zur Zeitgeschichte in drei Abschnitte unterteilt. In der ersten Phase (1961-1966), „Maßnahmen für den Frauensport“, wird eine neue Sportpolitik entworfen und viele Einrichtungen für den Schulsport werden von der Regierung aufgebaut. In dieser Phase entstehen auch immer mehr Profi- und Betriebsmannschaften für Frauen. Die zweite Phase (1967-1976) ist gekennzeichnet durch die verstärkte Förderung des Frauenleistungssports. Die finanzielle Unterstützung durch Regierung und den Koreanischen Sportverband werden massiv erhöht. Der Gewinn der Bronzemedaille durch die Volleyballmannschaft der Frauen bei den Olympischen Spielen 1976 setzte verstärkt wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen über den Frauensport in Gang, besonders an den Frauen-Universitäten. Während der dritten und letzten Phase der Regierung Parks (1977-1979) wurde ein Fünfjahresplan zur Förderung des Breitensports entworfen, um die sportlichen Aktivitäten breiter Bevölkerungsschichten zu fördern. Die Frauen bewiesen besonders im Mannschaftssport (Volleyball- und Basketball) ihre Stärke. Während des gesamten Zeitraums hatte der Sport einen positiven Einfluss auf die Verbesserung des gesellschaftlichen Status der koreanischen Frauen. Er war für sie nicht nur ein Mittel zum Erreichen von Selbstzufriedenheit, sondern bot auch einen Weg zu sozialem Aufstieg und öffentlicher Anerkennung. This paper analyses the development and characteristics of women's sports in Korea during the presidency of Chunghee Park between 1961 and 1979. The prime objectives during President Park’s administration were the modernization and industrialization of the country, which resulted in strong economic growth. But he, too, readjusted the country's sports policy and put a focus on competitive sports. The new policies not only affected the general development of sports in Korea, but had a massive impact on women's sports. The newly adjusted conditions enabled the Korean sports to draw level with the Western world. In accordance with Korean contemporary history, the development of the Korean women's sports will be classified in three periods. The first period sees a new outline of the country's sports policy, strong support of school sport and the formation of a growing number of professional women's teams. The second period is characterized by emergent athletic achievements and a growing governmental support of women's sports. Funding from the government and the Korean Sports Association increased strongly during this time. The winning of the bronze medal by the women's volleyball team during the 1976 Olympics ignited a series of scientific publications on women's sports. The Korean women's universities played a significant role in many of these studies. During the third period a five-year plan to promote recreational sports was announced. At this point of time the female athletes had already considerable successes to their credit, particularly in basketball and volleyball. The women's sports promoted a change in the social position of women in Korean Society. Sports were no longer only a means of distraction, but offered a way to climb through social ranks and earn public recognition

DSTEA: Improving Dialogue State Tracking via Entity Adaptive Pre-training

Dialogue State Tracking (DST) is critical for comprehensively interpreting user and system utterances, thereby forming the cornerstone of efficient dialogue systems. Despite past research efforts focused on enhancing DST performance through alterations to the model structure or integrating additional features like graph relations, they often require additional pre-training with external dialogue corpora. In this study, we propose DSTEA, improving Dialogue State Tracking via Entity Adaptive pre-training, which can enhance the encoder through by intensively training key entities in dialogue utterances. DSTEA identifies these pivotal entities from input dialogues utilizing four different methods: ontology information, named-entity recognition, the spaCy, and the flair library. Subsequently, it employs selective knowledge masking to train the model effectively. Remarkably, DSTEA only requires pre-training without the direct infusion of extra knowledge into the DST model. This approach resulted in substantial performance improvements of four robust DST models on MultiWOZ 2.0, 2.1, and 2.2, with joint goal accuracy witnessing an increase of up to 2.69% (from 52.41% to 55.10%). Further validation of DSTEA's efficacy was provided through comparative experiments considering various entity types and different entity adaptive pre-training configurations such as masking strategy and masking rate

The Mediating Role of Trust in the Relationship Between Online Shopping Experience and Consumer\u27s Shopping Values

A structural equation model is proposed and examined through a survey research. Data were collected from a survey of 121 subjects. The PLS (Partial Least Square) method was applied to estimate the research models. One model included the trust variable as a mediator and the other excluded it. The comparison of R2 verified that the first model had a better fit. The results of the study show the level of experience has a significant impact on both utilitarian and hedonic shopping values in the case of the model without the mediator. However, experience has an insignificant or a partially significant effect on utilitarian and hedonic shopping values when trust mediates experience and shopping values. This study verifies a mediating role of trust in the relationship between experience and shopping values. Finally, the implications and limitations are further discussed

Factors Motivating Software Piracy in Vietnam

This research focuses on the development and empirical validation of a model of software piracy behavior in Vietnam on the basis of institution isomorphism theory, deterrence theory, and expected utility theory. A survey of 145 respondents and PLS (Partial Least Square) were utilized for analysis. The test of this study reveals that mimetic pressure is the greatest significant factor to influence software piracy intention. Coercive pressure, normative pressure, punishment severity, and software cost are also significantly related to the intention. However, punishment certainty does not have a significant influence on software piracy

Patient-Specific Orthotopic Glioblastoma Xenograft Models Recapitulate the Histopathology and Biology of Human Glioblastomas In Situ

SummaryFrequent discrepancies between preclinical and clinical results of anticancer agents demand a reliable translational platform that can precisely recapitulate the biology of human cancers. Another critical unmet need is the ability to predict therapeutic responses for individual patients. Toward this goal, we have established a library of orthotopic glioblastoma (GBM) xenograft models using surgical samples of GBM patients. These patient-specific GBM xenograft tumors recapitulate histopathological properties and maintain genomic characteristics of parental GBMs in situ. Furthermore, in vivo irradiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy of these xenograft tumors mimic the treatment response of parental GBMs. We also found that establishment of orthotopic xenograft models portends poor prognosis of GBM patients and identified the gene signatures and pathways signatures associated with the clinical aggressiveness of GBMs. Together, the patient-specific orthotopic GBM xenograft library represent the preclinically and clinically valuable “patient tumor’s phenocopy” that represents molecular and functional heterogeneity of GBMs

Direct Visualization of UV-Light on Polymer Composite Films Consisting of Light Emitting Organic Micro Rods and Polydimethylsiloxane

We experimentally demonstrate the direct visualization of ultraviolet (UV) light using flexible polymer composite films consisting of crystalline organic tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) micro-rods and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The representative organic mono-molecule Alq3, which is a core material of organic light-emitting diodes, was used to detect light in the invisible UV region and visualize photoluminescence (PL). Alq3 shows absorption in the UV region and light-emitting characteristics in the green region, making it an optimal material for UV visualization because of its large Stokes transition. Crystalline Alq3 micro-rods were fabricated in a deionized water solution through a sequential process of reprecipitation and self-assembly. Highly bright photoluminescence was observed on the highly crystalline Alq3 micro-rods under UV light excitation, indicating that the crystalline structures of Alq3 molecules affect the visible emission decay of excitons. The Alq3 micro-rods were manufactured as flexible polymer composite films using a PDMS solution to observe UV photodetector characteristics according to UV intensity, and it was confirmed that the intensity of the fine UV light reaching the earth’s surface can be visualized by making use of this UV photodetector

Global Search of Genetic Algorithm Enhanced by Multi-basin Dynamic Neighbor Sampling

We propose a pioneering enhanced genetic algorithm to find a global optimal solution without derivatives information. A new neighbor sampling method driven by a multi-basin dynamics framework is used to efficiently divert from one existing local optimum to another. The method investigates the rectangular-box regions constructed by dividing the interval of each axis in the search domain based on information of the constructed multi-basins, and then finds a better local optimum. This neighbor sampling and the local search are repeated alternately throughout the entire search domain until no better neighboring local optima could be found. We improve the quality of solutions by applying genetic algorithm with the resulting point as an initial population generator. We fulfill two kinds of simulations, benchmark problems and a financial application, to verify the effectiveness of our proposed approach, and compare the performance of our proposed method with that of direct search, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and multi-starts

Parental Ethnotheories of Child Development: Looking Beyond Independence and Individualism in American Belief Systems

Over the past several decades, the topic of child development in a cultural context has received a great deal of theoretical and empirical investigation. Investigators from the fields of indigenous and cultural psychology have argued that childhood is socially and historically constructed, rather than a universal process with a standard sequence of developmental stages or descriptions. As a result, many psychologists have become doubtful that any stage theory of cognitive or socialemotional development can be found to be valid for all times and places. In placing more theoretical emphasis on contextual processes, they define culture as a complex system of common symbolic action patterns (or scripts) built up through everyday human social interaction by means of which individuals create common meanings and in terms of which they organize experience. Researchers understand culture to be organized and coherent, but not homogenous or static, and realize that the complex dynamic system of culture constantly undergoes transformation as participants (adults and children) negotiate and re-negotiate meanings through social interaction. These negotiations and transactions give rise to unceasing heterogeneity and variability in how different individuals and groups of individuals interpret values and meanings. However, while many psychologists—both inside and outside the fields of indigenous and cultural psychology–are now willing to give up the idea of a universal path of child development and a universal story of parenting, they have not necessarily foreclosed on the possibility of discovering and describing some universal processes that underlie socialization and development-in-context. The roots of such universalities would lie in the biological aspects of child development, in the evolutionary processes of adaptation, and in the unique symbolic and problem-solving capacities of the human organism as a culture-bearing species. For instance, according to functionalist psychological anthropologists, shared (cultural) processes surround the developing child and promote in the long view the survival of families and groups if they are to demonstrate continuity in the face of ecological change and resource competition, (e.g. Edwards & Whiting, 2004; Gallimore, Goldenberg, & Weisner, 1993; LeVine, Dixon, LeVine, Richman, Leiderman, Keefer, & Brazelton, 1994; LeVine, Miller, & West, 1988; Weisner, 1996, 2002; Whiting & Edwards, 1988; Whiting & Whiting, 1980). As LeVine and colleagues (1994) state: A population tends to share an environment, symbol systems for encoding it, and organizations and codes of conduct for adapting to it (emphasis added). It is through the enactment of these population-specific codes of conduct in locally organized practices that human adaptation occurs. Human adaptation, in other words, is largely attributable to the operation of specific social organizations (e.g. families, communities, empires) following culturally prescribed scripts (normative models) in subsistence, reproduction, and other domains [communication and social regulation]. (p. 12) It follows, then, that in seeking to understand child development in a cultural context, psychologists need to support collaborative and interdisciplinary developmental science that crosses international borders. Such research can advance cross-cultural psychology, cultural psychology, and indigenous psychology, understood as three sub-disciplines composed of scientists who frequently communicate and debate with one another and mutually inform one another’s research programs. For example, to turn to parental belief systems, the particular topic of this chapter, it is clear that collaborative international studies are needed to support the goal of crosscultural psychologists for findings that go beyond simply describing cultural differences in parental beliefs. Comparative researchers need to shed light on whether parental beliefs are (or are not) systematically related to differences in child outcomes; and they need meta-analyses and reviews to explore between- and within-culture variations in parental beliefs, with a focus on issues of social change (Saraswathi, 2000). Likewise, collaborative research programs can foster the goals of indigenous psychology and cultural psychology and lay out valid descriptions of individual development in their particular cultural contexts and the processes, principles, and critical concepts needed for defining, analyzing, and predicting outcomes of child development-in-context. The project described in this chapter is based on an approach that integrates elements of comparative methodology to serve the aim of describing particular scenarios of child development in unique contexts. The research team of cultural insiders and outsiders allows for a look at American belief systems based on a dialogue of multiple perspectives

Holistic Approach to Multi-Unit Site Risk Assessment: Status and Issues

The events at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station in March 2011 point out, among other matters, that concurrent accidents at multiple units of a site can occur in reality. Although site risk has been deterministically considered to some extent in nuclear power plant siting and design, potential occurrence of multi-unit accident sequences at a site was not investigated in sufficient detail thus far in the nuclear power community. Therefore, there is considerable worldwide interest and research effort directed toward multi-unit site risk assessment, especially in the countries with high-density nuclear-power-plant sites such as Korea. As the technique of probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) has been successfully applied to evaluate the risk associated with operation of nuclear power plants in the past several decades, the PSA having primarily focused on single-unit risks is now being extended to the multi-unit PSA. In this paper we first characterize the site risk with explicit consideration of the risk associated with spent fuel pools as well as the reactor risks. The status of multi-unit risk assessment is discussed next, followed by a description of the emerging issues relevant to the multi-unit risk evaluation from a practical standpoint