In-ground vibration propagation characteristics during underground blasting

Purpose. In this study, we investigated the vibration propagation characteristics in ground caused by the explosion pressures during ground and underground blasting. In addition, the use of Styrofoam as a simulation medium, which represents the void during underground blasting, was investigated. Methods. The investigation method is the measuring and comparing the vibrations using variable trinitrotoluene (TNT) charge amounts and underground volumetric spaces. Findings. The regression analysis results based on experimental calculations indicated that the vibration levels were lower and vibration attenuation occurred more rapidly during underground blasting than those during ground blasting. Originality. As the underground volumetric space increased, the vibration levels lowered and vibration attenuation became more gradual. Practical implications. The use of Styrofoam to simulate the void in the underground space during blasting was deemed inappropriate, however, Styrofoam may be appropriate as a medium for low-impedance grounds.Мета. Вивчення параметрів поширення вібрацій у ґрунті, викликаних тиском під час наземних і підземних вибухів. Дослідження особливостей використання пінополістиролу в якості середовища моделювання, який виконує роль пустот під час вибуху. Методика. Розроблено 3 експериментальних установки для відображення вибухових робіт на землі, підземних і підземних вибухів з використанням пінополістиролу замість відкритої порожнечі. Характеристики поширення вібрації було виміряно в серії наземних і підземних вибухових експериментів з використанням змінних величин заряду тротилу (0.72, 1.44 і 2.88 кг) і підземних об'ємних просторів (1, 2 і 4 м3). Проведено регресійний аналіз для отримання рівняння характеристики поширення вібрації вибуху у відкритому середовищі. Для вимірювання вібрації під час кожного з вибухових експериментів встановлювався віброметр. Результати. Регресійний аналіз на основі експериментальних даних дозволив зробити висновок про те, що рівень вібрацій був нижче і вібрації загасали швидше під час підземних вибухів у порівнянні з наземними. Визначено, що при підземних вибухових роботах з використанням пінополістиролу його шар діяв як середовище з низьким опором. Встановлено, що рівень вібрації і результати загасання, оцінені в цьому дослідженні для вибухових робіт на землі, відповідали результатами рівняння оцінки вібрації Міністерства землі, інфраструктури і транспорту (MOLIT). Встановлено, що на ослаблення вібрації під час підземних вибухів впливають зміни в підземному об'ємному просторі, але не зміни в обсягах заряду тротилу. Наукова новизна. Науково встановлено і доведено, що зі збільшенням об’єму підземної порожнини знижується рівень вібрацій і тим рівномірніше відбувається їх згасання. Практична значимість. Застосування пінополістиролу для моделювання підземної порожнини під час вибухових робіт не доцільно, однак, його можна використовувати в якості середовища для моделювання ґрунтів з низьким опором.Цель. Изучение параметров распространения вибраций в грунте, вызванных давлением во время наземных и подземных взрывов. Исследование особенностей использования пенополистирола в качестве среды моделирования, которая выполняет роль пустот во время взрыва. Методика. Разработаны 3 экспериментальных установки для отражения взрывных работ на земле, подземных и подземных взрывов с использованием пенополистирола вместо открытой пустоты. Характеристики распространения вибрации были измерены в серии наземных и подземных взрывных экспериментов с использованием переменных величин заряда тротила (0.72, 1.44 и 2.88 кг) и подземных объемных пространств (1, 2 и 4 м3). Проведен регрессионный анализ для получения уравнения характеристики распространения вибрации взрыва в открытой среде. Для измерения вибрации во время каждого из взрывных экспериментов устанавливали виброметр. Результаты. Регрессионный анализ на основе экспериментальных данных позволил сделать вывод о том, что уровень вибраций был ниже и вибрации затухали быстрее во время подземных взрывов по сравнению с наземными. Определено, что при подземных взрывных работах с использованием пенополистирола его слой действовал как среда с низким импедансом. Установлено, что уровень вибрации и результаты затухания, оцененные в этом исследовании для взрывных работ на земле, соответствовали результатам уравнения оценки вибрации Министерства земли, инфраструктуры и транспорта (MOLIT). Установлено, что на ослабление вибрации во время подземных взрывов влияют изменения в подземном объемном пространстве, но не изменения в объемах заряда тротила. Научная новизна. Научно установлено и доказано, что с увеличением объема подземной полости снижается уровень вибраций и тем равномернее происходит их затухание. Практическая значимость. Применение пенополистирола для моделирования подземной полости во время взрывных работ не целесообразно, однако, его можно использовать в качестве среды для моделирования грунтов с низким импедансом.I would like to thank the Republic of Korea ARMY for supporting the experiment

Anti-oxidative and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of ethyl acetate extract fractions of Suaeda asparagoides MIq

Purpose: To evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of Suaeda asparagoides ethylacetate extract (SAE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells.Methods: The antioxidative activity of SAE was evaluated by measuring 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity  spectrometrometrically. Cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5- diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, while LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia were used to study the expression and production of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α).Results: Pretreatment with SAE prior to LPS treatment significantly inhibited excessive production of NO (p < 0.001 at 20, 40, 80 and 100 μg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner, and was associated with down-regulation of expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). SAE also suppressed the LPSinduced increase in TNF-α level (p < 0.01at concentrations of 40 and 80 μg/mL) in BV-2 cells. Furthermore, DPPH-generated free radicals were inhibited by SAE in a concentration-dependent manner.Conclusion: These results indicate that SAE possesses strong anti-oxidant properties, and inhibits excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including NO, iNOS and TNF-α, in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cellsKeywords: Suaeda asparagoides, DPPH, Anti-inflammatory activity, Microglial cells, iNOS, TNF-

Agency Costs And Corporate Financial Policies: A Simultaneous Equations Approach

Financial economists have devoted great attention to corporate financial policies, such as the firm’s capital structure. It is also understood that these policies are not determined independently, but jointly with other corporate policies such as dividend policy and ownership structure. The purpose of this paper is to incorporate the pension funding decision into this policy mix. The design and administration of a firm’s pension fund affects the firm because of the size and risks of the pension fund. The degree of funding of a defined benefit plan affects the value and risk of a company’s common shares. This paper simultaneously explains leverage, dividend policy, ownership structure, and pension funding using several independent variables that, based on agency theory, should affect these policies. The results are significant and reinforce the notion of simultaneous determination of corporate policies

AFFINE KILLING REEB VECTOR FIELD FOR A REAL HYPERSURFACE IN THE COMPLEX QUADRIC

In this paper, first we introduce a general notion of affine Killing vector fields on the complex quadric Q^m, which is weaker than usual Killing vector field. Next, we give a complete classification of Hopf real hypersurfaces M with affine Killing Reeb vector field in the complex quadric Q^m, m ≥ 3

Removal of Particulate Matter in a Tubular Wet Electrostatic Precipitator Using a Water Collection Electrode

As one of the effective control devices of air pollutants, the wet electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is an effective technique to eliminate acid mist and fine particles that are re-entrained in a collection electrode. However, its collection efficiency can deteriorate, as its operation is subject to water-induced corrosion of the collection electrode. To overcome this drawback, we modified the wet ESP system with the installation of a PVC dust precipitator wherein water is supplied as a replacement of the collection electrode. With this modification, we were able to construct a compact wet ESP with a small specific collection area (SCA, 0.83 m2/(m3/min)) that can acquire a high collection efficiency of fine particles (99.7%)

Effects of Nonuniform Fiber Geometries on the Microstructural Fracture Behavior of Ceramic Matrix Composites

Microstructural fracture behavior of a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) with nonuniformly distributed fibers is studied in the presentation. A comprehensive numerical analysis package to study the effect of nonuniform fiber dimensions and locations on the microstructural fracture behavior is developed. The package starts with an optimization algorithm for generating representative volume element (RVE) models that are statistically equivalent to experimental measurements. Experimentally measured statistical data are used as constraints while the optimization algorithm is running. Virtual springs are utilized between any adjacent fibers to nonuniformly distribute the coated fibers in the RVE model. The virtual spring with the optimization algorithm can efficiently generate multiple RVEs that are statistically identical to each other. Smeared crack approach (SCA) is implemented to consider the fracture behavior of the CMC material in a mesh-objective manner. The RVEs are subjected to tension as well as the shear loading conditions. SCA is capable of predicting different fracture patterns, uniquely defined by not only the fiber arrangement but also the specific loading type. In addition, global stress-strain curves show that the microstructural fracture behavior of the RVEs is highly dependent on the fiber distributions

Intratracheal inoculation of human varicella zoster virus (VZV; MAV strain) vaccine successfully induced VZV IgG antibodies in rhesus monkeys

Background The objective of this study was to investigate whether the use of live attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV) MAV vaccination can efficiently induce VZV antibody production in naive rhesus monkeys as an approach to prevent simian varicella virus (SVV) reactivation in animals immunosuppressed for transplantation studies. Results Clinically available human VZV vaccine was used to induce the production of anti-VZV antibodies in rhesus monkeys. A vial of the vaccine was subcutaneously injected at 0 week, and the second and third vaccination was performed at 5 and 6 weeks by intratracheal inoculation. The titer of anti-VZV IgG was assessed at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 7 weeks. At 2 weeks, 3/16 were seropositive for VZV IgG. At 6 weeks, 9/16 were shown to be seropositive. At 7 weeks, 16/16 were found to be seropositive. Conclusions The VZV vaccine via intratrachael inoculation was shown to induce VZV IgG humoral immunity in rhesus monkeys and may be important immunosuppressed macaques for transplantation studies. Although the humoral immunity produced is an important finding, further studies will be necessary to confirm possible protection and it could protect probably against SVV infection in rhesus monkey.This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry for Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (Project No.HI13C0954), the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (Grant No. NRF-2020R1A2C1004557 to Kim JM), and Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Project No. PJ01345302) Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea

Comparison of the Multidetector-row Computed Tomographic Angiography Axial and Coronal Planes' Usefulness for Detecting Thoracodorsal Artery Perforators

BackgroundDuring the planning of a thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) free flap, preoperative multidetector-row computed tomographic (MDCT) angiography is valuable for predicting the locations of perforators. However, CT-based perforator mapping of the thoracodorsal artery is not easy because of its small diameter. Thus, we evaluated 1-mm-thick MDCT images in multiple planes to search for reliable perforators accurately.MethodsBetween July 2010 and October 2011, 19 consecutive patients (13 males, 6 females) who underwent MDCT prior to TDAP free flap operations were enrolled in this study. Patients ranged in age from 10 to 75 years (mean, 39.3 years). MDCT images were acquired at a thickness of 1 mm in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes.ResultsThe thoracodorsal artery perforators were detected in all 19 cases. The reliable perforators originating from the descending branch were found in 14 cases, of which 6 had transverse branches. The former were well identified in the coronal view, and the latter in the axial view. The location of the most reliable perforators on MDCT images corresponded well with the surgical findings.ConclusionsThough MDCT has been widely used in performing the abdominal perforator free flap for detecting reliable perforating vessels, it is not popular in the TDAP free flap. The results of this study suggest that multiple planes of MDCT may increase the probability of detecting the most reliable perforators, along with decreasing the probability of missing available vessels