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    1950~70๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋””์ž์ธ์ง„ํฅ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋””์ž์ธํ•™๋ถ€(๋””์ž์ธ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฌธํ™”์ „๊ณต), 2020. 8. ๊น€๋ฏผ์ˆ˜.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜, 1960~70๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์ง„ํฅ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋””์ž์ธํฌ์žฅ์„ผํ„ฐ(KDPC)์™€ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์—…๋””์ž์ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ผํ„ฐ(CIDI)์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ๋””์ž์ธ ์‹๋ฏผ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋… ์•„๋ž˜์— ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ, ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ์ •, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„œ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์œก ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ์–‘ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์™œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋””์ž์ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์–‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋””์ž์ธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1960-70๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋””์ž์ธ์ง„ํฅ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€ ์ง€์–ด ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋””์ž์ธ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋น„๊ตยท๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์–‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋””์ž์ธ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ์ , ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ 2์ฐจ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ธ์‡„๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™๋ณด๋ฌผ, ์‚ฌ์ง„, ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ, ์žก์ง€, ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์–‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ์š”์ถฉ์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋Š” ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฐฐ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ต๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „ํ†ต์˜ ๋ง์‚ด๊ณผ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™” ์†์— ๊ตด๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ํ›„์—๋„ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ฒด(ICA) ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์  ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ICA์˜ ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 1957๋…„ ๊ณต์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฒ”์†Œ(HDC)๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ณต์˜ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ „ํ†ต ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‹œ๋ฒ”์‹œ์ฒญ๊ฐ๊ต์œก์›(DAVC)์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ ์‹œ๊ฐ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ถœ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ผํ”Œ๋ผ๋”ฐ(La Plata) ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๋„์‹œ๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ํ˜„์ง€์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ์  ํŠน์ง•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅธ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๊ต์œก์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ช… ํ˜น์€ ์•ผ๋งŒ(Civilizaciรณn o Barbarie) ์šด๋™ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋” ๊ณต๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด ๋์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ํ˜๋ช…์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์  ์ž”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์œ ๋… ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๊ณ , ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ, ๊ทผ๋Œ€์„ฑ, ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ทธ๋Š˜์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„์˜ ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๊ถŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ํŽ˜๋ก (Juan D. Perรณn) ์ •๊ถŒ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ํž˜์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜๋‹ค. 1961๋…„ ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•œ ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์€ 1962๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 5๊ฐœ๋…„๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ถœ ์ง„ํฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๋ฆฝ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ 1965๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ƒ๊ณต๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ „๋žŒํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜๊ณ , 1966๋…„์— ๊ฐœ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณต์˜ˆ๋””์ž์ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ(์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋””์ž์ธ์„ผํ„ฐ)์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญํฌ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜‘ํšŒ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ถœํ’ˆํฌ์žฅ์„ผํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด 1970๋…„์— KDPC๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 1946๋…„ ํŽ˜๋ก  ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๊ณ  ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์จ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ํ”„๋ก ๋””์‹œ(Arturo Frondizi) ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ด์šฉ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์‚ฐ์—…๊ธฐ์ˆ ์›(INTI) ์‚ฐํ•˜์— 1962๋…„ CIDI๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฐ์—…๋””์ž์ธ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ KDPC์™€ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ CIDI๋Š” ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ•„์š” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. KDPC์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์™ธํ–ฅ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด CIDI์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ์œก์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‚ด์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋” ์ปธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–‘ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํ™๋ณด ํ™œ๋™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„œ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐฌ์–‘๊ณผ ์ž๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ„ํ•˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ, ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ๋ณดํŽธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—…๋””์ž์ธ๋‹จ์ฒดํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ(ICSID)์˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์ธ๋”์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ ์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ตฟ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ต์œก, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ํ™๋ณด ๋“ฑ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ง„ํฅ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์šฐ์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋””์ž์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ด์ „์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํŠน์ƒ‰์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์˜๋„์˜ ์ธ์‹๋ก (zero-point epistemology)์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. KDPC์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์œก ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ์ดˆ๋น™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์žฅ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์จ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „ํ†ต์ด ํ•ด์™ธ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋งค์ถœ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์‹์  ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  CIDI์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 1950~60๋…„๋Œ€ ICSID์™€ ์šธ๋ฆ„์กฐํ˜•๋Œ€ํ•™(hfg Ulm) ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ง๋„๋‚˜๋„(Tomรกs Maldonado)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„œ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์œก์€ KDPC์™€ CIDI์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ชจ์ „์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ ๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ์ผ์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋™๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์žฅ์‹์ ์ธ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ „์‹œ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๊ณ , CIDI๊ฐ€ ๊ตฟ ๋””์ž์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์‹œํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‚ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„, KDPC๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ๊ตฟ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ „์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–‘ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ „์‹œํšŒ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž๊ตญ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๊ตฟ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ์‹๋งŒ ์‹ฌ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์—, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ KDPC์™€ CIDI์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•ด์˜จ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ๊ฐœ๋…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–‘์‹ํ™”๋œ ์žฅ์‹์˜ ๋ฐ‘๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์•ˆ(ๅœ–ๆกˆ)์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1958๋…„ ๊ณต์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฒ”์†Œ์™€ ์‹œ๋ฒ”์‹œ์ฒญ๊ฐ๊ต์œก์›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์™ธํ™”๋ฒŒ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋„๊ตฌํ™” ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ICA๋Š” ๊ตํ™˜ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ท€๊ตญํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ž๊ตญ์— ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ํ•™ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์žฅ์‹์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ณต์กด์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ์œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง„์ด ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„ํŒ ์—†์ด ์ž๊ตญ์— ์ด์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณต์˜ˆ๋””์ž์ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์™€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ƒ๊ณต๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ „์‹œํšŒ์—๋„ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง‰์Šค ๋นŒ์ด 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์šธ๋ฆ„์กฐํ˜•๋Œ€ํ•™(hfg Ulm)์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ง๋„๋‚˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ง๋„๋‚˜๋„์˜ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์— ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋„๋‚˜๋„๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ง๋„๋‚˜๋„๋Š” 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ถ€์—๋…ธ์Šค์•„์ด๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ฑด์ถ•๋Œ€ํ•™(FAU)์— ๋””์ž์ธ ์ „๊ณต์ด ์—†๊ณ , CIDI๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋„์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. CIDI์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ FAU์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง„๋“ค์€ 1946๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋” ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๋ฐ”์šฐํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์™€ ์šธ๋ฆ„์กฐํ˜•๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋จผ์ € ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‹ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์„ค ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋„์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค ๋์—, 1985๋…„์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ์•ผ ์‚ฐ์—…๋””์ž์ธ ์ „๊ณต์ด ๋ถ€์—๋…ธ์Šค์•„์ด๋ ˆ์Šจ ๊ฑด์ถ•, ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๋Œ€ํ•™, FAU์— ๋„์ž…๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถ€์—๋…ธ์Šค์•„์ด๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ฑด์ถ•๋””์ž์ธ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๋Œ€ํ•™, FADU๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ์ž๊ฐ ์—†์ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ถ”์ข…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๋˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ, ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์€ KDPC์™€ CIDI๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ ์‹๋ฏผ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌด๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋œ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์ด ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์ผ์ƒ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง ์ดํ›„ ๋””์ž์ธ ์‹๋ฏผ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ๋กœ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.This study examines the establishment and development of two governmental bodies, the Korea Design Packaging Center (KDPC) and the Argentinas Industrial Design Research Centre (CIDI) as design promotion agencies and evaluate the outcome of these governmental organizations foundation in the 1960s and 1970s. Despite the vast research published on the American and European design history in the 1960s and 1970s, little is known about the Korean and Argentinian design during this time. Using a comparative analysis, this research aims to interpret the results generated by above institutions as products of their socio-historical backgrounds, the introduction of foreign design concepts, and the commitment to Western-centric design education under the name of Design Coloniality. The study begins with why, despite of being located on the opposite sides of globe, Design in Korea and Argentina was authorized and promoted by each government, and why alike Design Centers appeared in a similar period of time. There has been a lack of research collaboration between South Korea and Argentina, given the physical distance between these two countries. Comparative studies, which are sparse, primarily focused on social, economic, and political perspectives. To date, there has been no study published to cross-examine these countries on the grounds of design history and culture. In order to address this scarcity, this study provides valuable insight into the phenomenon of both National Design Promotion Agencies during the 1960~70s. It compares and analyzes their results in relation to the introduction of the concept of modern design and its educational development. Comparative analysis was carried out using primary sources, such as governmental documents, photographs, as well as testimonies by scholars who participated in the planning and delivery of design centers, national universities, printed materials, newspapers and magazine articles. Secondary sources including bibliography and case studies were also used, in supplement to the primary sources. Despite inherent differences between Korea and Argentina, both countries served as strategic geographic locations which undoubtfully led to a strong interest for subjugation by occupying countries. Japanese and Spanish colonial rules, respectively, had a strong influence on the cultural and economic development. In particular, Korea lacked an opportunity to progressively transit into a modern era as Joseon was forced to abolish its tradition and subdue into Colonial Modernity. Cultural coloniality continued after its liberation, as it fell under the economic support of the International Cooperation Administration (ICA). By founding Handicraft Demonstration Center (HDC) and Demonstration Audio Visual Center (DAVC), ICA promoted industrialization of Korean traditional arts and crafts and largely contributed to the wide spreading concept of American design and its value. Both institutions capitalized on the export-oriented design which utilized Korean identity and tradition as mere decorations to help attract foreigners attention to boost capital inflow. Argentina, on the other hand, developed a strong preference for Europe over their neighboring Latin American countries due to the accessibility of port of La Plata, early colonial education as well as the nomadic nature of locals. Expedited rapid modernization โ€“ and the regional culture obliteration โ€“ was achieved under the Civilization or Barbarism (Civilizaciรณn o Barbarie) campaign led by the Argentinian Elite whose admiration for Europe prevailed throughout the following years. Argentina did not experience any revolution following its independence, as such ideological remnants of the dominant nation remained to influence its national identity, modernity and ethnicity of the society, shadowed by Europe and West modernization. Another important similarity lies in the relationship between design and its political use by each government. Both Park Jung-hee in post-war Korea, and Peron in Argentina were quick to recognize the power of design. Coup detat in 1961 saw Park Jung-hee rising to power, and he launched the Five-Year Economic Development Plan seeking to achieve a self-sufficient economic structure and economic growth through export. A significant level of funding was injected into culture and art, exemplified by hosting of the Korean Commercial and Industrial Art Exhibition in 1965, and founding of the Korean Craft Design Institute in 1966 (which later became the Korea Export Design Center in 1969). The year of 1970 marks the foundation of KDPC through merging of three national organizations: the Korean Craft Design Institute (later called Korea Export Design Center), the Korea Packaging Technology Association, and the Korea Export Packaging Center. In Argentina, design gained its popularity following the Peron regime in 1946. Its wide spread use in government propaganda in advocacy of populism politics saw the expansion of influence with the developmental government of Frondizi in the 1960s. To promote industrial design activity, industrialization and economic growth, CIDI was established in 1962 under the National Institute of Industrial Technology (INTI). It is evident both KDPC and CIDI were created based on the socio-economical needs. KDPCs design policy was clearly outward-oriented. On the contrary, the purpose of CIDI was to foster local industry within its domestic market. Both institutions, inadvertently, resulted in the consolidation of design based on a modern universalist model, leading to the overvaluation of the western form and the devaluation of the regional culture. The International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID)s global industrial design concept implementation project was partially responsible. It was not co-incidental that both centers engaged in similar activities such as education, investigation, and promotion of good design. Without consideration to the prior regional and socio-cultural background, both countries accepted industrial design on a ground-zero epistemology. At KDPC, design education seminars were dominated by international scholars, some of whom used design as a tool to embellish a product by adding traditional decorative motifs to increase sales in foreign market. Others imposed the definition of industrial design as a unique universal concept. This Western-centric education inevitably influenced the researches and competitions held at KDPC and CIDI. The former filled its design exhibition with decorative products which were impractical and unable to be manufactured on a bigger scale. The latter awarded products exhibiting good design of European or American origin. Most importantly, both organizations failed to promote the importance of national design, and saw foreign design as a synonym for good design. Modern design was an imported concept in both countries. During the Japanese colonial period, design was known as Do-an (๋„์•ˆ ๅœ–ๆกˆ) which means stylized decoration sketch in Japan. In 1958, it became known as applied arts through HDC and DAVC and served to increase foreign capital. ICA also supported exchange students to study US design and many of these scholars returned home to later become professors at national universities. The Japanese idea of design as decoration versus the American capitalist perspective was debated at Seoul National University but without much critical thinking. These academics were involved in the Korean Craft Design Institute and the Korean Commercial and Industrial Art Exhibition. In Argentina, modern design was introduced by Maldonado in 1950s. He was invited to teach at hfg Ulm by Max Bill who was heavily influenced by European concrete art. Maldonado worked as a mediator between Argentina and Europe and introduced the idea of design as science thinking that it holds the key for Argentinian economic growth during the developmentalist period. He also played an important role at CIDI whilst it served as Buenos Aires only design school and the European design education model was being applied in diverse regional Design Schools. All these trials derived into FADU in 1985, when the Buenos Aires Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism (FAU) incorporated the Department of Industrial Design and became FADU. The researcher believes that the government supported KDPC and CIDI allowed for Design Coloniality by being oblivious to the socio-cultural aspects of each society and unconditionally accepting the foreign curriculum. The imported concept and design education did not only influence the perception of design in the general public but it also influenced peoples daily life in both countries. Design coloniality finally experienced a moment of epiphany following the South Korean economic boom of the 1980s, as critical design theory began to emerge and allowed Korean Design scholars to review their history in the manner of self-reflection toward independence in the late 1990s. As part of this ultimate movement, this study aims to reinforce the recent movement of Korean design historians as they seek to critically evaluate Korean design theory and its history and also to bring some positive enthusiasm to the design academy and industry.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  8 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋Œ€์ƒ 21 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 22 5. ์šฉ์–ด ์ •์˜ 27 II. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ทผยทํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 31 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” 31 1.1. ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 31 1.2. ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด 33 1.3. 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋””์ž์ธ ์›์กฐ 37 1.4. 1950~1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ 53 1.5. 1960~1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ๋„ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” 57 2. ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” 59 2.1. ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ํŠน์ง• 59 2.2. 1810๋…„๋Œ€ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์ดํ›„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‹๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™” 61 2.3. 1930~1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” 72 2.4. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ตฐ๋ถ€ ์ •๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ 87 3. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ 90 3.1. ์ „๋žต์ ์ธ ์ง€์ •ํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด 90 3.2. ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ ์šฐ์›”์ฃผ์˜ 91 3.3. ์ •๊ถŒ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ๋„๊ตฌํ™” 93 3.4. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธํ™” 94 III. 1960~70๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋””์ž์ธ์ง„ํฅ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 96 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ๋””์ž์ธํฌ์žฅ์„ผํ„ฐ(KDPC) 97 1.1. KDPC์˜ ๋ชจํƒœ์™€ ์ „๊ฐœ: ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณต์˜ˆ๋””์ž์ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ 97 1.2. KDPC์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋””์ž์ธ์‚ฐ์—… ์ „๊ฐœ 109 1.3. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ง„ํฅ 110 1.4. KDPC์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 113 2. ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์—…๋””์ž์ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ผํ„ฐ(CIDI) 132 2.1. ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์‚ฐ์—…๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ธฐ๊ด€(INTI) 132 2.2. CIDI์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐœ๊ณผ์ • ์‚ฐ์—…๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™” 135 2.3. ๋ถ€์—๋…ธ์Šค์•„์ด๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด์ „ CIDI ๊ต์œก 139 2.4. CIDI์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 142 3. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์ง„ํฅ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 175 IV. ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ 181 1. ๋””์ž์ธ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ๋„์ž… ๊ณผ์ • 181 1.1. ํ•œ๊ตญ: ๋””์ž์ธ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 181 1.1.1. ์ผ๋ณธ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์œ ํ•™ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค 182 1.1.2. ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ์„œ์–‘์˜ ์šฐ์›”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž… 188 1.2. ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜: ๋””์ž์ธ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 190 1.2.1. 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ถ”์ƒ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณผ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ 190 1.2.2. ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐœ 194 1.2.3. ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ 197 2. 1940~60 ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์œก 205 2.1. ํ•œ๊ตญ: ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์œก 206 2.1.1. ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๋””์ž์ธ 207 2.1.2. ์‘์šฉ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง„ 210 2.1.3. ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ „์‹œ 223 2.1.4. ๋””์ž์ธ์ง„ํฅ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์ˆ˜์™€ ์กธ์—…์ƒ 229 2.2. ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜: ์‚ฐ์—…๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์œก 234 2.2.1. ์ˆ˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•™๊ต 234 2.2.2. ์šธ๋ฆ„ ์กฐํ˜•๋Œ€ํ•™(hfg ULM)์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์œก 253 2.2.3. ๋ถ€์—๋…ธ์Šค์•„์ด๋ ˆ์Šค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(FADU) ์‚ฐ์—…๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ์‹ 255 V. ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  259 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋””์ž์ธ์‚ฐ์—… ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ 259 1.1. ์ˆ˜์ž…๋œ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ 260 1.2. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 262 1.3. ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋น„ยท์ผ์ƒํ™” 265 1.4. ์ด์ค‘์  ๋””์ž์ธ ์‹๋ฏผ์„ฑ 268 1.5. ํ•œ๊ตญยท๋””์ž์ธ๊ณ„์˜ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 270 2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 273 2.1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  273 2.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ 276 VI. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 279 Abstract 290Docto

    Reflexiones y refracciones modernas: el advenimiento de la enseรฑanza del Diseรฑo en la Universidad Nacional de Seรบl entre las dรฉcadas de 1940 y 1970

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    El presente artรญculo reporta una investigaciรณn que tiene como objetivo analizar el modo en que devino la ensenฬƒanza del disenฬƒo en la Universidad Nacional de Seรบl (SNU) entre las dรฉcadas de 1940 y 1970. Para ello se optรณ por seguir una metodologรญa cualitativa de anรกlisis de contenido, ya que debido a los escasos estudios precedentes y a falta de un organismo que cuente con un registro de materiales de archivo organizado, el estudio tuvo que iniciar con las tareas de recopilaciรณn, ordenamiento, interconexiรณn e interpretaciรณn de diferentes documentaciones. La elecciรณn de la alfabetizaciรณn del disenฬƒo de la SNU como objeto de estudio se centrรณ en la importancia que tiene la universidad como instituciรณn nacional, pues esta fue pionera en incorporar la ensenฬƒanza del disenฬƒo, e influyรณ posteriormente con su proyecciรณn pedagรณgica en la corriente de pensamiento y acciรณn de las diferentes universidades, empresas y proyectos gubernamentales. Respecto a los resultados de la investigaciรณn, se pudieron observar dos cuestiones. Primero, la formaciรณn en la educaciรณn del Disenฬƒo en la SNU estuvo รญntimamente relacionada a un contexto histรณrico que negaba la existencia de un concepto cultural estรฉtico por fuera del Disenฬƒo Occidental. En los inicios del departamento de Artes Aplicadas, este hecho reflejรณ la tensiรณn entre las corrientes de educaciรณn japonesa y norteamericana. Segundo, se privilegiรณ la incorporaciรณn de docentes capacitados en EE. UU. en un afรกn por superar la impronta del colonialismo japonรฉs. Esta aplicaciรณn indiscriminada de contenidos occidentales desencadenรณ una confusiรณn general en los inicios de la carrera que, sin superar la pedagogรญa previa, se reflejรณ en la comprensiรณn del diseรฑo โ€”por la SNU y mรกs tarde por parte del Gobiernoโ€” como un mero arte decorativocomercial. Este hecho se reflejรณ en que el disenฬƒo se diera a conocer en Corea como una actividad decorativa rentable, destinada a la producciรณn de objetos coreanos disenฬƒados bajo una forma universal exportable

    A randomized 3-month, parallel-group, controlled trial of CALMA m-health app as an adjunct to therapy to reduce suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors in adolescents: study protocol

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    Background: Suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors are among the leading causes of death and injury in adolescents and youth worldwide. Mobile app development could help people at risk and provide resources to deliver evidence-based interventions. There is no specific application for adolescents and young people available in Spanish. Our group developed CALMA, the first interactive mobile application with the user in Spanish, which provides tools based on Dialectical Behavioral Therapy to manage a crisis of suicidal or non-suicidal self-directed violence with the aim of preventing suicide in adolescents and youth. Methods: To test the effectiveness, safety and level of engagement of the CALMA app in people aged 10 to 19 who are treated in mental health services of two public hospitals, we will conduct a parallel-group, two-arm randomized controlled trial. Participants will be assessed face-to-face and via video call at four timepoints: day-0 (baseline), day-30, day-60, and day-90. A total of 29 participants per group will be included. Change in the frequency of suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors will be compared between groups, as well as the level of emotional dysregulation, level of app engagement and time of psychiatric admission during the follow-up period. Discussion: This study is particularly relevant to young people given their widespread use of mobile technology, while there are currently no available smartphone app-based self-guided psychological strategies in Spanish that attempt to reduce suicidal behavior in adolescents who are assisted in the public health sector from low and middle-income countries in Latin America.Fil: Rodante, Demiรกn. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Farmacologia; ArgentinaFil: Chiapella, Luciana Carla. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquรญmicas y Farmacรฉuticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientรญficas y Tรฉcnicas. Centro Cientรญfico Tecnolรณgico Conicet - Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Olivera Fedi, Ramiro. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Farmacologia; ArgentinaFil: Papavero, Eliana Belen. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Farmacologia; ArgentinaFil: Lavoie, Kim L.. Universitรฉ du Quรฉbec a Montreal; CanadรกFil: Daray, Federico Manuel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Farmacologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientรญficas y Tรฉcnicas; Argentin

    Genotype comparison of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum clones from pregnant and non-pregnant populations in North-west Colombia

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    ABSTARCT: Placental malaria is the predominant pathology secondary to malaria in pregnancy, causing substantial maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in tropical areas. While it is clear that placental parasites are phenotypically different from those in the peripheral circulation, it is not known whether unique genotypes are associated specifically with placental infection or perhaps more generally with pregnancy. In this study, genetic analysis was performed on Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum parasites isolated from peripheral and placental blood in pregnant women living in North-west Colombia, and compared with parasites causing acute malaria in non-pregnant populations. Methods: A total of 57 pregnant women at delivery with malaria infection confirmed by real-time PCR in peripheral or placental blood were included, as well as 50 pregnant women in antenatal care and 80 men or non-pregnant women with acute malaria confirmed by a positive thick smear for P. vivax or P. falciparum. Five molecular markers per species were genotyped by nested PCR and capillary electrophoresis. Genetic diversity and the fixation index FST per species and study group were calculated and compared. Results: Almost all infections at delivery were asymptomatic with significantly lower levels of infection compared with the groups with acute malaria. Expected heterozygosity for P. vivax molecular markers ranged from 0.765 to 0.928 and for P. falciparum markers ranged from 0.331 to 0.604. For P. vivax infections, the genetic diversity was similar amongst the four study groups and the fixation index from each pairwise comparison failed to show significant genetic differentiation. For P. falciparum, no genetic differentiation was observed between placental and peripheral parasites from the same woman at delivery, but the parasites isolated at delivery showed significant genetic differentiation compared with parasites isolated from subjects with acute malaria. Conclusions: In North-west Colombia, P. vivax parasites have high genetic diversity that is equivalent in pregnant and non-pregnant populations as well as in symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. For P. falciparum, the overall genetic diversity is lower, with specific genotypes associated with asymptomatic infections at delivery

    A randomized 3-month, parallel-group, controlled trial of CALMA m-health app as an adjunct to therapy to reduce suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors in adolescents: study protocol

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    BackgroundSuicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors are among the leading causes of death and injury in adolescents and youth worldwide. Mobile app development could help people at risk and provide resources to deliver evidence-based interventions. There is no specific application for adolescents and young people available in Spanish. Our group developed CALMA, the first interactive mobile application with the user in Spanish, which provides tools based on Dialectical Behavioral Therapy to manage a crisis of suicidal or non-suicidal self-directed violence with the aim of preventing suicide in adolescents and youth.MethodsTo test the effectiveness, safety and level of engagement of the CALMA app in people aged 10 to 19 who are treated in mental health services of two public hospitals, we will conduct a parallel-group, two-arm randomized controlled trial. Participants will be assessed face-to-face and via video call at four timepoints: day-0 (baseline), day-30, day-60, and day-90. A total of 29 participants per group will be included. Change in the frequency of suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors will be compared between groups, as well as the level of emotional dysregulation, level of app engagement and time of psychiatric admission during the follow-up period.DiscussionThis study is particularly relevant to young people given their widespread use of mobile technology, while there are currently no available smartphone app-based self-guided psychological strategies in Spanish that attempt to reduce suicidal behavior in adolescents who are assisted in the public health sector from low and middle-income countries in Latin America.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/, NCT05453370

    Functional antibodies against VAR2CSA in nonpregnant populations from Colombia exposed to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax

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    RESUMEN: En el embarazo, se observa inmunidad dependiente de la paridad en respuesta a la infecciรณn placentaria con Plasmodium falciparum. Los anticuerpos reconocen el antรญgeno de superficie, VAR2CSA, expresado en glรณbulos rojos infectados e inhiben la citoadherencia al tejido placentario. En la mayorรญa de los entornos de endemicidad del paludismo, los anticuerpos contra VAR2CSA se observan predominantemente en las mujeres multigravidias y con poca frecuencia en hombres, niรฑos y mujeres nulligrรกficas. Sin embargo, en Colombia, se detectaron anticuerpos contra mรบltiples constructos de VAR2CSA entre hombres y niรฑos con infecciรณn aguda por P. falciparum y Plasmodium vivax. La mayorรญa de los hombres y niรฑos (> 60%) tenรญan altos niveles de IgG contra tres dominios recombinantes de VAR2CSA: DBL5ฮต, DBL3X e ID1-ID2. Sorprendentemente, estos anticuerpos se observaron sรณlo en mujeres embarazadas, hombres y niรฑos expuestos a P. falciparum oa P. vivax. Ademรกs, los anticuerpos anti-VAR2CSA son de alta avidez e inhiben eficazmente la adherencia de glรณbulos rojos infectados al condroitรญn sulfato A in vitro, lo que sugiere que son especรญficos y funcionales. Estos resultados inesperados sugieren que puede haber diferencias genotรญpicas o fenotรญpicas en los parรกsitos de esta regiรณn o en la respuesta del huรฉsped a la infecciรณn por P. falciparum o P. vivax fuera del embarazo. Estos hallazgos pueden tener relevancia clรญnica significativa para la fisiopatologรญa y el resultado de las infecciones de malaria en esta regiรณn.ABSTRACT: In pregnancy, parity-dependent immunity is observed in response to placental infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Antibodies recognize the surface antigen, VAR2CSA, expressed on infected red blood cells and inhibit cytoadherence to the placental tissue. In most settings of malaria endemicity, antibodies against VAR2CSA are predominantly observed in multigravid women and infrequently in men, children, and nulligravid women. However, in Colombia, we detected antibodies against multiple constructs of VAR2CSA among men and children with acute P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infection. The majority of men and children (>60%) had high levels of IgGs against three recombinant domains of VAR2CSA: DBL5ฮต, DBL3X, and ID1-ID2. Surprisingly, these antibodies were observed only in pregnant women, men, and children exposed either to P. falciparum or to P. vivax. Moreover, the anti-VAR2CSA antibodies are of high avidity and efficiently inhibit adherence of infected red blood cells to chondroitin sulfate A in vitro, suggesting that they are specific and functional. These unexpected results suggest that there may be genotypic or phenotypic differences in the parasites of this region or in the host response to either P. falciparum or P. vivax infection outside pregnancy. These findings may hold significant clinical relevance to the pathophysiology and outcome of malaria infections in this region

    Hypothalamic Microglial Activation in Obesity: A Mini-Review

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    Emerging data demonstrate that microglia activation plays a pivotal role in the development of hypothalamic inflammation in obesity. Early after the introduction of a high-fat diet, hypothalamic microglia undergo morphological, and functional changes in response to excessive dietary saturated fats. Initially the resident microglia are affected; however, as diet-induced obesity persists, bone marrow-derived myeloid cells gradually replace resident microglia. Genetic and pharmacological approaches aimed at dampening the inflammatory activity in the hypothalamus of experimental models of obesity have proven beneficial to correct the obese phenotype and improve metabolic abnormalities commonly associated with obesity. These approaches provide an experimental proof-of-concept that hypothalamic inflammation is central to the pathophysiology of obesity; understanding the details of the roles played by microglia in this process may help the development of preventive and therapeutic advances in the field. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms underlying hypothalamic microglial activation in high-fat induced obesity

    Concert recording 2022-04-06

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    [Track 1]. Three pieces / Igor Stravinsky -- [Track 2]. Sonata for clarinet and piano. II. Lebhaft / Paul Hindemith -- [Track 3]. Fantasiestรผcke, op. 73. I. Zart und mit Ausdruck ; II. Lebhaft, leicht / Robert Schumann -- [Track 4]. Duo for clarinet and piano. I. Allegro / Norbert Burgmรผller -- [Track 5]. Sonata for clarinet and piano. II. Allegro animato / Camille Saint-Saรซns -- [Track 6.] Set for clarinet. III. Vite / Katherine Hoover -- [Track 7]. Ballade, bass clarinet & piano / Eugรจne Bozza -- [Track 8]. Introduction, theme and variations / Carl Maria von Weber -- [Track 9]. Five Bagatelles. IV. Forlana / Gerald Finzi -- [Track 10]. Six studies in English folksongs. V. Andante tranquillo ; VI. Allegro vivace -- [Track 11]. Grand duo concertant. I. Allegro con fuoco / Carl Maria von Weber

    Concert recording 2022-04-06

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    [Track 1]. Three pieces / Igor Stravinsky -- [Track 2]. Sonata for clarinet and piano. II. Lebhaft / Paul Hindemith -- [Track 3]. Fantasiestรผcke, op. 73. I. Zart und mit Ausdruck ; II. Lebhaft, leicht / Robert Schumann -- [Track 4]. Duo for clarinet and piano. I. Allegro / Norbert Burgmรผller -- [Track 5]. Sonata for clarinet and piano. II. Allegro animato / Camille Saint-Saรซns -- [Track 6.] Set for clarinet. III. Vite / Katherine Hoover -- [Track 7]. Ballade, bass clarinet & piano / Eugรจne Bozza -- [Track 8]. Introduction, theme and variations / Carl Maria von Weber -- [Track 9]. Five Bagatelles. IV. Forlana / Gerald Finzi -- [Track 10]. Six studies in English folksongs. V. Andante tranquillo ; VI. Allegro vivace -- [Track 11]. Grand duo concertant. I. Allegro con fuoco / Carl Maria von Weber

    Structural Characterization and Anti-HSV-1 and HSV-2 Activity of Glycolipids from the Marine Algae Osmundaria obtusiloba Isolated from Southeastern Brazilian Coast

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    Glycolipids were extracted from the red alga Osmundaria obtusiloba from Southeastern Brazilian coast. The acetone insoluble material was extracted with chloroform/methanol and the lipids, enriched in glycolipids, were fractionated on a silica gel column eluted with chloroform, acetone and then methanol. Three major orcinol-positive bands were found in the acetone and methanol fractions, being detected by thin layer chromatography. The structures of the corresponding glycolipids were elucidated by ESI-MS and 1H/13C NMR analysis, on the basis of their tandem-MS behavior and HSQC, TOCSY fingerprints. For the first time, the structure of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol from the red alga Osmundaria obtusiloba was characterized. This molecule exhibited potent antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 with EC50 values of 42 ยตg/mL to HSV-1 and 12 ยตg/mL to HSV-2, respectively. Two other glycolipids, mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol, were also found in the alga, being characterized by ESI-MS/MS. The structural elucidation of algae glycolipids is a first step for a better understanding of the relation between these structures and their biological activities
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