<p>Detection of the chemical changes in blood, liver, and brain caused by electromagnetic field exposure using Raman spectroscopy, biochemical assays combined with multivariate analyses</p>

The effects of the electromagnetic field on living organisms have been studied for several years. In this article, we showed what kind of cold change an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure 500 mu T 50 Hz by using a Meritt Coil System causes in the samples of the brain and liver samples. To measure oxidative load, we measured malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels. To identify the chemical changes, we collected Raman spectra of cerebellum, left brain, right brain and liver tissue from the control group of animals and from the animal, which were exposed to an electromagnetic field (ELF-MF group). Obtained results showed, that lipid peroxidation was increased and the antioxidant response was decreased. In the brain samples the shift of peaks corresponding to the amide III vibrations existed after ELF-MF exposure. Structural changes were detected in CH2 vibrations originating from lipids in both hemispheres. Additionally, the number of amide III bonds was increased with ELF-MF exposure in the cerebellum and left-brain tissue. In liver tissue higher Raman intensities were visible in the tissues from the ELF-MF group. In this group electromagnetic field also caused structural changes in lipids. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed, that it is possible to distinguish ELF-MF and control groups. Consequently, hierarchical component analysis (HCA) showed that tissues from ELF-MF and control groups separately created similarity with the groups. Obtained results suggest that the electromagnetic field caused structural and quantitative chemical changes in brain and liver tissue. Additionally, present data suggest that ELF-MF plays an important role in the regulation of enzyme activity and has effects on biochemical processes, possibly improved by production of ROS

Evaluation of metallothionein-1, metallothionein-2, lipid peroxidation and trace elements status in the progression of the spontaneous mitral chordae tendineae rupture patients

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether copper, zinc and iron levels and copper/zinc, iron/zinc, iron/copper ratios in serum and erythrocytes are associated with lipid oxidation levels, metallothionein-1 (MT-1), and metallothionein-2 (MT-2) levels in plasma in the context of pathogenesis of the mitral chordae tendineae rupture (MCTR). Methods: 65 subjects who were identical in demographic characteristics' were selected for the study; 33 with MCTR patients, and 32 healthy control subjects. The levels of MT-1, MT-2, and malondialdehyde as measure of lipid oxidation, and trace elements were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, spectrophotometric method, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, respectively. Results: Serum zinc levels were found to be lower in the patients' group when compared to control group. The copper and iron levels in serum, MT-1, MT-2; malondialdehyde levels in plasma, iron and malondialdehyde levels in erythrocytes; serum copper/zinc and iron/zinc ratios were found to be higher in the patients' group when compared to controls. Conclusions: We conclude that the changes of oxidant antioxidant system balance and trace element status may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of MCTR

Machine learning aided diagnosis of hepatic malignancies through in vivo dielectric measurements with microwaves

In the past decade, extensive research on dielectric properties of biological tissues led to characterization of dielectric property discrepancy between the malignant and healthy tissues. Such discrepancy enabled the development of microwave therapeutic and diagnostic technologies. Traditionally, dielectric property measurements of biological tissues is performed with the well-known contact probe (open-ended coaxial probe) technique. However, the technique suffers from limited accuracy and low loss resolution for permittivity and conductivity measurements, respectively. Therefore, despite the inherent dielectric property discrepancy, a rigorous measurement routine with open-ended coaxial probes is required for accurate differentiation of malignant and healthy tissues. In this paper, we propose to eliminate the need for multiple measurements with open-ended coaxial probe for malignant and healthy tissue differentiation by applying support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm to the dielectric measurement data. To do so, first, in vivo malignant and healthy rat liver tissue dielectric property measurements are collected with open-ended coaxial probe technique between 500 MHz to 6 GHz. Cole-Cole functions are fitted to the measured dielectric properties and measurement data is verified with the literature. Malign tissue classification is realized by applying SVM to the open-ended coaxial probe measurements where as high as 99.2% accuracy (F1 Score) is obtained