National Multi-Modal Travel Forecasts. Literature Review: Aggregate Models

This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art in the production of National Multi-Modal Travel Forecasts. The review concentrates on the UK travel market and the various attempts to produce a set of accurate, coherent and credible forecasts. The paper starts by a brief introduction to the topic area. The second section gives a description of the background to the process and the problems involved in producing forecasts. Much of the material and terminology in the section, which covers modelling methodologies, is from Ortúzar and Willumsen (1994). The paper then goes on to review the forecasting methodology used by the Department of Transport (DoT) to produce the periodic National Road Traffic Forecasts (NRTF), which are the most significant set of travel forecasts in the UK. A brief explanation of the methodology will be given. The next section contains details of how other individuals and organisations have used, commented on or attempted to enhance the DoT methodology and forecasts. It will be noted that the DoT forecasts are only concerned with road traffic forecasts, with other modes (rail, air and sea) only impacting on these forecasts when there is a transfer to or from the road transport sector. So the following sections explore the attempts to produce explicit travel and transportation forecasts for these other modes. The final section gathers together a set of issues which are raised by this review and might be considered by the project

Eyes

One pair of the four separate pairs of eyes, looking north; In 2001, the 75th anniversary of the Williams College Museum of Art, the museum commissioned Eyes, a permanent outdoor public art installation by Louise Bourgeois with nine elements. WCMA worked with Bourgeois, her studio, and the Office of Dan Kiley, Landscape Architects and Planners on the site design. The work consists of four pairs of eyes and one monumental eye cluster formed from granite and bronze. Ranging in height from three to seven feet, some of the sculptures double as benches. The eyes are fitted with outdoor lighting, in the "pupils", and emanate bluish beams at night. Source: Williams College Museum of Art [website]; http://wcma.williams.edu/ (accessed 6/19/2012

Eyes

One of the individual eyes, showing electric light in the "pupil"; In 2001, the 75th anniversary of the Williams College Museum of Art, the museum commissioned Eyes, a permanent outdoor public art installation by Louise Bourgeois with nine elements. WCMA worked with Bourgeois, her studio, and the Office of Dan Kiley, Landscape Architects and Planners on the site design. The work consists of four pairs of eyes and one monumental eye cluster formed from granite and bronze. Ranging in height from three to seven feet, some of the sculptures double as benches. The eyes are fitted with outdoor lighting, in the "pupils", and emanate bluish beams at night. Source: Williams College Museum of Art [website]; http://wcma.williams.edu/ (accessed 6/19/2012

Eyes

Detail, dedication plaque; In 2001, the 75th anniversary of the Williams College Museum of Art, the museum commissioned Eyes, a permanent outdoor public art installation by Louise Bourgeois with nine elements. WCMA worked with Bourgeois, her studio, and the Office of Dan Kiley, Landscape Architects and Planners on the site design. The work consists of four pairs of eyes and one monumental eye cluster formed from granite and bronze. Ranging in height from three to seven feet, some of the sculptures double as benches. The eyes are fitted with outdoor lighting, in the "pupils", and emanate bluish beams at night. Source: Williams College Museum of Art [website]; http://wcma.williams.edu/ (accessed 6/19/2012

Eyes

One of the pairs of eyes, looking north towards Thompson Memorial Chapel; In 2001, the 75th anniversary of the Williams College Museum of Art, the museum commissioned Eyes, a permanent outdoor public art installation by Louise Bourgeois with nine elements. WCMA worked with Bourgeois, her studio, and the Office of Dan Kiley, Landscape Architects and Planners on the site design. The work consists of four pairs of eyes and one monumental eye cluster formed from granite and bronze. Ranging in height from three to seven feet, some of the sculptures double as benches. The eyes are fitted with outdoor lighting, in the "pupils", and emanate bluish beams at night. Source: Williams College Museum of Art [website]; http://wcma.williams.edu/ (accessed 6/19/2012

Eyes

Detail, clustered group showing electric lights in the "pupils"; In 2001, the 75th anniversary of the Williams College Museum of Art, the museum commissioned Eyes, a permanent outdoor public art installation by Louise Bourgeois with nine elements. WCMA worked with Bourgeois, her studio, and the Office of Dan Kiley, Landscape Architects and Planners on the site design. The work consists of four pairs of eyes and one monumental eye cluster formed from granite and bronze. Ranging in height from three to seven feet, some of the sculptures double as benches. The eyes are fitted with outdoor lighting, in the "pupils", and emanate bluish beams at night. Source: Williams College Museum of Art [website]; http://wcma.williams.edu/ (accessed 6/19/2012

Eyes

Raking view of central clustered group; In 2001, the 75th anniversary of the Williams College Museum of Art, the museum commissioned Eyes, a permanent outdoor public art installation by Louise Bourgeois with nine elements. WCMA worked with Bourgeois, her studio, and the Office of Dan Kiley, Landscape Architects and Planners on the site design. The work consists of four pairs of eyes and one monumental eye cluster formed from granite and bronze. Ranging in height from three to seven feet, some of the sculptures double as benches. The eyes are fitted with outdoor lighting, in the "pupils", and emanate bluish beams at night. Source: Williams College Museum of Art [website]; http://wcma.williams.edu/ (accessed 6/19/2012

Eyes

Central clustered group; In 2001, the 75th anniversary of the Williams College Museum of Art, the museum commissioned Eyes, a permanent outdoor public art installation by Louise Bourgeois with nine elements. WCMA worked with Bourgeois, her studio, and the Office of Dan Kiley, Landscape Architects and Planners on the site design. The work consists of four pairs of eyes and one monumental eye cluster formed from granite and bronze. Ranging in height from three to seven feet, some of the sculptures double as benches. The eyes are fitted with outdoor lighting, in the "pupils", and emanate bluish beams at night. Source: Williams College Museum of Art [website]; http://wcma.williams.edu/ (accessed 6/19/2012

Eyes

Central cluster of eyes looking towards the museum (Lawrence Hall); In 2001, the 75th anniversary of the Williams College Museum of Art, the museum commissioned Eyes, a permanent outdoor public art installation by Louise Bourgeois with nine elements. WCMA worked with Bourgeois, her studio, and the Office of Dan Kiley, Landscape Architects and Planners on the site design. The work consists of four pairs of eyes and one monumental eye cluster formed from granite and bronze. Ranging in height from three to seven feet, some of the sculptures double as benches. The eyes are fitted with outdoor lighting, in the "pupils", and emanate bluish beams at night. Source: Williams College Museum of Art [website]; http://wcma.williams.edu/ (accessed 6/19/2012