Prevalence of Cannabis Lifetime Use in Iranian High School and College Students: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses,and Meta-Regression

Cannabis is the most widely used substance in the world. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cannabis lifetime use (CLU) in high school and college students of Iran and also to determine factors related to changes in prevalence. A systematic review of literature on cannabis use in Iran was conducted according to MOOSE guideline. Domestic scientific databases, PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar, relevant reference lists, and relevant journals were searched up to April, 2014. Prevalences were calculated using the variance stabilizing double arcsine transformation and confidence intervals (CIs) estimated using the Wilson method. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q statistic and I-2 index and causes of heterogeneity were evaluated using meta-regression model. In electronic database search, 4,000 citations were retrieved, producing a total of 33 studies. CLU was reported with a random effects pooled prevalence of 4.0 (95 CI = 3.0 to 5.0). In subgroups of high school and college students, prevalences were 5.0 (95 CI = 3.0 to -7.0) and 2.0 (95 CI = 2.0 to -3.0), respectively. Meta-regression model indicated that prevalence is higher in college students (beta = 0.089, p < .001), male gender (beta = 0.017, p < .001), and is lower in studies with sampling versus census studies (beta = -0.096, p < .001). This study reported that prevalence of CLU in Iranian students are lower than industrialized countries. In addition, gender, level of education, and methods of sampling are highly associated with changes in the prevalence of CLU across provinces

Prevalence of Cannabis Lifetime Use in Iranian High School and College Students: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses,and Meta-Regression

Cannabis is the most widely used substance in the world. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cannabis lifetime use (CLU) in high school and college students of Iran and also to determine factors related to changes in prevalence. A systematic review of literature on cannabis use in Iran was conducted according to MOOSE guideline. Domestic scientific databases, PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar, relevant reference lists, and relevant journals were searched up to April, 2014. Prevalences were calculated using the variance stabilizing double arcsine transformation and confidence intervals (CIs) estimated using the Wilson method. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q statistic and I-2 index and causes of heterogeneity were evaluated using meta-regression model. In electronic database search, 4,000 citations were retrieved, producing a total of 33 studies. CLU was reported with a random effects pooled prevalence of 4.0 (95 CI = 3.0 to 5.0). In subgroups of high school and college students, prevalences were 5.0 (95 CI = 3.0 to -7.0) and 2.0 (95 CI = 2.0 to -3.0), respectively. Meta-regression model indicated that prevalence is higher in college students (beta = 0.089, p < .001), male gender (beta = 0.017, p < .001), and is lower in studies with sampling versus census studies (beta = -0.096, p < .001). This study reported that prevalence of CLU in Iranian students are lower than industrialized countries. In addition, gender, level of education, and methods of sampling are highly associated with changes in the prevalence of CLU across provinces

Personality Factor as a Predictor of Depression Score Among Depressed and CHD Patients

INTRODUCTION: Many risk factors can affect depression and coronary disease, these including physiological and psychological risk factors (such as personality traits). OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to examine whether personality factors (The Five-Factor Model) can predict depression score in the depressed and coronary heart disease (CHD) individuals compared to that of healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To achieve the above objectives, 100 depressed (Mean=35.90 years, SD=10.59 years), and 100 CHD (Mean=46.42 years, SD=12.52 years), patients and 100 healthy subjects (Mean = 37.97 years, SD =12.49 years) were selected by convenience sampling method. To compare the three groups of participants, ANOVA test was used. Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis was used to identify the variables that most closely predict the perceived stress and depression scores. Pearson's Correlation Co-efficient was used to examine the correlation between variables. RESULTS: In Neuroticism, the CHD patients had significant highest scores, followed by depressed patients. The healthy group had the least scores. In case of Extraversion, Openness and Agreeableness, healthy participants had significant higher scores followed by the depressed and CHD patients. Only in conscientiousness factor, Depressive and CHD groups had statistically less scores compared to the healthy group. Also, high Neuroticism and Age, and low Extraversion were significant protective factors for depression Scores of CHD patients, while high Neuroticism and low Extraversion function as predictors in the depressed and healthy groups. CONCLUSION: The effects of Neuroticism and Extraversion on depression have been reported as inconsistent across previous studies. This study indicates that, older CHD individuals with high Neuroticism and low Extraversion scores are more vulnerable for depression

The prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in people who experienced imposed war by Iraq on Iran in Ilam in 2016: Cross-sectional study

Background and Aim: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent disorder in people with war experience, leaving them susceptible to secondary mental disorders. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of PTSD symptoms in people with war experience from the imposed war by Iraq on Iran in Ilam province. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 711 people with war experience who were aged over 35 years were enrolled, in Ilam province in 2016. Random cluster sampling was used as a sampling method. Persian version of Checklist – Military Version (PCL-M) was used to evaluate PTSD in participants. Data were analyzed with using SPSS 19th edition. Results: The prevalence of PTSD symptoms was 15?39 in the study population. A significant relationship was observed between PTSD and age at the war, life-threatening, and seeing relatives injured (p0.05). Conclusion: PTSD prevalence in this study was higher compared to studies in the general population. We suggest interventional programs to reduce this rate in people with war experience. © 2018 Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

L and S alleles of 5HTTLPR polymorphism of SLC6A4 gene in healthy people and patients with severe depression in Ilam province, Iran

Background: The serotonin transporter (5HTT) is a protein locating on the presynaptic neuron membrane. The genes coding for 5HTT has 6 separate families, of which, SLC6A4. Polymorphism in the promoter region of SLC6A4 (5HTTLPR) has been shown to correlate with personality traits. This study aimed to compare the L and S alleles of 5HTTLPR in healthy people and patients with severe depression in the Ilam province, Iran. Methods: In this study, 198 patients with depression and 100 volunteers enrolled. The DNA of samples was extracted and PCR was performed. After electrophoresis, PCR product was identified on 2 gel electrophoresis to distinguish SS, LS and LL bands. Finally, data were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression. Results: The frequency of analysis of 5HTTLPR alleles in healthy subjects and patients was as follows: In healthy group genotypes were LS 44, LL 49, SS 7 and in the patient group were LS 39.9, LL 23.7, and SS 36.4. Further analysis showed that the frequency of genotypes in patients was significantly associated with psychological trauma (P = 0 .001). Our results also showed that S/S genotype was associated with a 6.2 fold onset of depression. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the health status of individuals was significantly correlated with the frequency of SS genotype that was higher in the patient group. © 2020 Elsevier B.V

Evaluation of Frailty Elderly Syndrome, General Health and Cognitive Disorders in the Elderly and Their Relationship with Demographic Factors and Underlying Diseases

Introduction: Due to the vulnerability of the elderly in the community and the increase in their population and the problems occurring due to aging in the elderly, the present study aimed to investigate the frailty elderly syndrome, general health and cognitive disorders in the elderly in Ilam in 2020. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 267 elderly referring to teaching hospitals in Ilam. Data collection tools were GHQ-28, MMSE and Edmonton questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.24 statistical software using independent t-test, chi-square, Fisher's exact test, one-way and two-way analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and linear regression. Results: The mean +/- standard deviation of the overall score of general health, frailty elderly syndrome and cognitive disorders in the studied elderly were 44.38 +/- 13.43, 9.29 +/- 2.98 and 23.40 +/- 6.49, respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship between cognitive disorders with age, marital status, education and underlying diseases and also between frailty elderly syndrome with age, marital status, place of residence, gender, education, type of insurance and some underlying diseases (P <0.001). There was a significant relationship between general health of the elderly and pulmonary disease (P = 0.03). Conclusion: The general health of the elderly was low so that most of the elderly suffered from mild symptoms, the greatest effect was related to depression and then anxiety (psychological dimension). Regarding cognitive disorders, a large number of patients did not have any pathological disorders. The rate of frailty elderly syndrome was high in the study population

Assessment of care needs of the elderly living in Kermanshah province in 2020

Introduction: The elderly often has complex and unknown needs that we have not yet been able to fully recognize in accordance with international standards in the country. Therefore, the present study tries to identify the types of care needs of the elderly living in the villages. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 312 elderly people over 60 years old without any problems in cognitive status (such as Alzheimer's) living in 16 villages of Hamil district of Kermanshah province in 2020. Data were collected by a questionnaire consisting of two parts: demographic and needs assessment based on Cumberwell standard tool (CANE) and analyzed using SPSS software. Results: studies showed that 33 of the elderly had exercise, 67.3 had an underlying disease, 32 had a history of surgery and 13.1 had smoking. According to the main findings of the study, the elderly had unmet needs that ranged from highest to lowest, including: benefits (37.3), money and budgeting (30.8), location (20.8), nutrition (17.9), sight / hearing (15.4), daily activities (11.2), physical health (10.6), Home maintenance (8.3), mobility (7.1), information (6.7), intimate communication (6.1) and personal care (4.2). Conclusion: Due to the greater need for care of the elderly, it is recommended to provide more support in all aspects at the national level and the support and attention of their relatives and families to these people

Income Inequality by Gini-Coefficient on Suicide Death in Iran: A Review of National Data

Background: Research in source of inequality and enhance of knowledge can be reducing the inequalities in the coming decades. Therefore, we aimed to ascertain effects of income inequality measured by Gini-coefficient to death from suicide in Iran. Methods: This is an ecological study on the relation of Gini-coefficient and suicide death in Iran. Data were obtained from Iranian Urban and Rural Household Income for Gini-coefficient and Expenditure Survey and Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization for suicide. Concentration Index was used to determine of inequality by Gini-coefficient in suicide death and prediction model was applied by Stata software. Significant level considered less than 5. Results: A Gini-coefficient between 0.2523 and 0.3755 (mean, 0.3092) was observed. The overall concentration index CI was -0.10 (95 CI= -0.19 to -0.01), therefore our results confirmed a positive inequality in incidence suicide rate result from income inequality in Iran. Conclusion: Our results showed a positive inequality due to Gini-coefficients in suicide death. This study could be a start for investigation of inequality source in geographical units and at the individual level in all province

Occupational Mental Health: A Study of Work-Related Mental Health among Clinical Nurses

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports a study performed to investigate and assess the mental health as well as the demographic characteristics of nurses to examine their mental health status based on four physical, anxiety, social-function and depression items. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was accomplished on 86 nurses working at three hospitals, affiliated to Iranian health ministry, in Ilam city(western Iran) all the cases were selected by purposeful sampling method. Data was collected by a two-part questionnaire containing individual data and GHQ -28 Standardized Questionnaire. The GHO-28 was developed by Goldberg, in 1978, as a screening tool to detect those likely to have or be at risk of developing psychiatric disorders. The GHQ-28 is a 28-item measure of emotional distress in medical settings. Analysis was done by SPSS 18 software. RESULTS: The majority of participants were females(50.6 vs.49.4) of 35-40 years old(27.2 ), 84 percent were married(vs.16), 35.8 percent with 10-15 years of record(vs.33.3 less than 5), 22.2 with 5-10, and 8.6 with more than 15-years of work record. The majority of participants have worked in surgical wards of hospitals. The analysis of GHQ results showed that 43.2(n=35) of participants were suspected to suffer from mental disorders(vs.56.8 n=46 healthy participants); of all the suspected cases, 12.3 were supposed to have physical symptoms, 16 anxiety symptoms, 42 social dysfunction, and 6.2 symptoms of depression. In general, the participants demonstrated a Mean+/-SD of mental health score equal to 23.65+/-9.43. CONCLUSION: Research results showed that the high prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among nurses is alarming. It was concluded that providing efficient adequate and appropriate support services for this group can result in more healthy nurses as well as promotion of public health

Major depression and psychiatric disorders in Iranian prisoners based on a clinical interview: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Previous reports on the prevalence of mental disorders in Iran indicated a high prevalence of psychotic disorders in both male and female prisoners. Objectives: In this systematic review, we aimed to assess the prevalence of major depression in Iranian prisoners. We also used meta-regression and subgroup analyses to explore sources of heterogeneity in final enrolled studies. Methods: Relevant studies published in English databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar and ISI) and Persian databases (Magiran, Medlib, SID, and IranMedex) were systematically searched until August 2015. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2 statistics and using meta-regression to explore possible heterogeneity. The random effects models were performed for meta-analysis of the final studies using the Stata software version 11.2. Results: The pooled sample sizes included a total of 1708 prisoners. Data were meta-analyzed using random-effects models. The pooled prevalence of major depression was 42 (95 CI: 26.0 - 58.0). Overall, 44 (95 CI 26 - 61) of male prisoners and 33 (95 CI 26 - 58) of female prisoners were diagnosed with major depression. Anxiety disorder had the highest prevalence (56.3), followed by mood disorders (34.6). Antisocial personality disorders were diagnosed in 24.0 of the participants and borderline disorders in 7.1. Conclusions: High levels of major depression are constantly reported in prisoners in Iran and the results of this study also confirm it. Further research can also be conducted to explore whether the prevalence of mental illnesses is high among prisoners in Iran. © 2017, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences