13 research outputs found
Hemodynamic parameters and neurogenic pulmonary edema following spinal cord injury: an experimental model Parâmetros hemodinâmicos e edema pulmonar neurogênico após traumatismo raquimedular: modelo experimental
Neurogenic pulmonary edema is a serious and always life-threatening complication following several lesions of the central nervous system. We report an experiment with 58 Wistar-Hanover adult male rats. Two groups were formed: control (n=4) and experimental (n=54). The experimental group sustained acute midthoracic spinal cord injury by Fogarty’s balloon-compression technique containing 20µL of saline for 5, 15, 30 or 60 seconds. The rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal (i.p.) sodium pentobarbital (s.p.) 60 mg/Kg. The quantitative neurological outcome was presented at 4, 24 and 48 hours from compression to characterize the injury graduation in different groups. Poor outcome occurred with 60 seconds of compression. Six animals died suddenly with pulmonary edema. Using the procedure to investigate the pulmonary edema during 60 seconds of compression, followed by decompression and time-course of 60 seconds, 20 rats were randomly asigned to one of the following groups: control (1, n=4, anesthetized by i.p. s.p., 60 mg/Kg but without compression) and experimental (2, n=7, anesthetized by i.p. xylazine 10 mg/Kg and ketamine 75 mg/Kg) and (3, n=9, anesthetized by i.p. s.p., 60 mg/Kg). The pulmonary index (100 x wet lung weight / body weight) was 0.395 ± 0.018 in control group, rose to 0.499 ± 0.060 in group 2, and was 0.639 ± 0.14 in group 3. Histologic examination of the spinal cord showed parenchymal ruptures and acute hemorrhage. Comparison of the pulmonary index with morphometric evaluation of edema fluid-filled alveoli by light microscopy showed that relevant intra-alveolar edema occurred only for index values above 0.55. The results suggest that the pulmonary edema induced by spinal compression is of neurogenic nature and that the type of anesthesia used might be important for the genesis of lung edema.<br>Edema pulmonar neurogĂŞnico Ă© complicação sĂ©ria e aumenta o risco de vida em pacientes com várias lesões do sistema nervoso central. Apresentamos uma experiĂŞncia com 58 ratos Wistar machos e adultos. Foram formados dois grupos: controle (n=4) e experimental (n=54). O grupo experimental sofreu trauma raquimedular torácico mĂ©dio com o cateter-balĂŁo de Fogarty contendo 20µL de salina por 5, 15, 30 ou 60 segundos de compressĂŁo. Os ratos foram anestesiados com pentobarbital sĂłdico (p.s.), 60 mg/Kg intraperitoneal (i.p.). Foi investigada a relação entre a lesĂŁo medular e o tempo de compressĂŁo. A evolução neurolĂłgica foi quantificada e apresentada com 4, 24 e 48 horas da compressĂŁo para caracterizar a graduação da lesĂŁo nos diferentes grupos. A pior evolução ocorreu com 60 segundos de compressĂŁo. Seis animais morreram subitamente com edema pulmonar. Vinte ratos foram randomicamente distribuĂdos em um dos seguintes grupos: controle (1, n=4, anestesiados com p.s. i.p., 60 mg/Kg, mas sem compressĂŁo) e experimental (2, n=7, anestesiados com xilasina 10 mg/Kg e ketamina 75 mg/Kg) e (3, n=9, anestesiados com p.s. i.p., 60 mg/Kg). O Ăndice pulmonar (100 x peso pulmonar / peso corporal) foi 0,395 ± 0,018 no grupo controle, 0,499 ± 0,060 no grupo 2, e 0,639 ± 0,14 no grupo 3. O exame histolĂłgico da medula espinhal mostrou rupturas no parĂŞnquima e hemorragia aguda. Comparando-se o Ăndice pulmonar com o Ăndice morfomĂ©trico atravĂ©s da microscopia Ăłptica, evidenciou-se que ocorreu edema intra-alveolar relevante para Ăndices acima de 0,55. A presente experiĂŞncia sugere que o edema pulmonar induzido pela compressĂŁo medular Ă© de natureza neurogĂŞnica e que o tipo de anestesia utilizada no experimento poderia ter participação na gĂŞnesis do edema pulmonar
Environmental impact assessment
© Springer International Publishing AG 2018. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is defined by Munn [2] as the need to identify and predict the impact on the environment and on man’s health and well-being of legislative proposals, policies, programs, projects, and operational procedures, and to interpret and communicate information about the impact
The detour paradigm in animal cognition
In this paper, we review one of the oldest paradigms used in animal cognition: the detour paradigm. The paradigm presents the subject with a situation where a direct route to the goal is blocked and a detour must be made to reach it. Often being an ecologically valid and a versatile tool, the detour paradigm has been used to study diverse cognitive skills like insight, social learning, inhibitory control and route planning. Due to the relative ease of administrating detour tasks, the paradigm has lately been used in large-scale comparative studies in order to investigate the evolution of inhibitory control. Here we review the detour paradigm and some of its cognitive requirements, we identify various ecological and contextual factors that might affect detour performance, we also discuss developmental and neurological underpinnings of detour behaviors, and we suggest some methodological approaches to make species comparisons more robust