Duração da amamentação e comportamentos alimentares na primeira infância : uma revisão sistemática

Objectives: to analyze the influence of breastfeeding duration on eating behavior in children aged two to six years. Methods: this review was conducted by PRISMA guidelines. SciELO, Lilacs, Embase, and PubMed databases were researched by using a specific syntax, for studies published from 2000 to 2020. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal checklist was used to assess the risk of study bias. Results: a total of 26,211 articles were identified, of which seven were included in the study. The results showed a significant association in four studies. All authors used their own questionnaires to assess breastfeeding exposure; there was no standard classification of exclusive and total breastfeeding duration. The breastfeeding duration was associated with reduced food neophobia, lower scores on the food responsiveness subscale, and lower ‘picky eating’ behavior. Validated instruments were predominantly used to assess the outcome of eating behavior; however, this assessment was not similar between studies. Conclusion: a significant association was observed between breastfeeding duration and eating behavior in children aged two to six years. Further research should be conducted to describe the mechanisms involved in this association.Objetivos: analisar a influência da duração do aleitamento materno no comportamento alimentar em crianças de dois a seis anos. Métodos: esta revisão foi conduzida de acordo com as diretrizes PRISMA. As bases de dados SciELO, Lilacs, Embase e PubMed foram pesquisadas usando uma sintaxe específica, para estudos publicados de 2000 a 2020. O Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal checklist foi utilizado para avaliar o risco de viés do estudo. Resultados: foram identificados 26.211 artigos, dos quais sete foram incluídos no estudo. Os resultados mostraram associação significativa em quatro estudos. Todos os autores usaram seus próprios questionários para avaliar a exposição à amamentação; não havia uma classificação padrão de duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e total. A duração do aleitamento materno foi associada à redução da neofobia alimentar, menores escores na subescala de responsividade alimentar e menor comportamento alimentar exigente. Instrumentos validados foram usados predominantemente para avaliar o resultado do comportamento alimentar, no entanto, essa avaliação não foi semelhante entre os estudos. Conclusão: observou-se associação significativa entre a duração da amamentação e o comportamento alimentar em crianças de dois a seis anos. Mais pesquisas devem ser realizadas para descrever os mecanismos envolvidos nesta associação

O impacto da abstinência nos níveis séricos de leptina e no perfil nutricional de alcoolistas

Introduction: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with changes in metabolism and in the nutritional profile. Food-seeking behaviors and psychoactive substances share common biological pathways that activate the reward system and leptin is a modulator of this system. Objective: To measure serum leptin levels and nutritional status of individuals with before their detoxification and then 15 days later. Material and Methods: In total, 38 men diagnosed with AUD and admitted to a detoxification unit were analyzed. Serum leptin levels, Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC) and body composition were assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) within the first 48 hours of hospital admission and again 15 days after the first assessment. Results: Weight, BMI and WC increased significantly during detoxing (p<0.001), but body fat and leptin levels percentages remained similar. At admission, leptin levels were positively correlated with body fat (0.607), WC (0.696), and BMI (0.357). After 15 days, only leptin and BMI were significantly correlated (0.462). Conclusion: Our results reinforce the relationship between leptin and nutritional parameters related to body weight. It is essential to educate about nutrition and to encourage healthy eating behaviors so individuals with AUD can reduce weight gain during the recovery period.Introdução: O transtorno por uso de álcool (TUA) está associado a alterações metabólicas e perfil nutricional. Comportamento de busca de alimentos e substâncias psicoativas compartilham vias biológicas comuns ativando o sistema de recompensa e a leptina modula esse sistema. Objetivo: Avaliar níveis séricos de leptina e estado nutricional de indivíduos antes e 15 dias após a desintoxicação. Materiais e Métodos: Foram analisados 38 homens com diagnóstico de TUA internados em unidade de desintoxicação. Níveis séricos de leptina, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), Circunferência da Cintura (CC) e composição corporal foram avaliados por Bioimpedância Elétrica (BIA) nas primeiras 48 horas de internação e 15 dias após a primeira avaliação. Resultados: Peso, IMC e CC aumentaram significativamente durante a desintoxicação (p<0,001), mas os percentuais de gordura corporal e níveis de leptina permaneceram semelhantes. Na admissão, os níveis de leptina foram positivamente correlacionados com a gordura corporal (0,607), CC (0,696) e IMC (0,357). Após 15 dias, apenas leptina e IMC foram significativamente correlacionados (0,462). Conclusão: Os resultados reforçam a relação entre leptina e parâmetros nutricionais relacionados ao peso corporal. A educação nutricional e o incentivo ao comportamento alimentar saudável são essenciais para que indivíduos com TUA reduzam o ganho de peso na desintoxicação

Electrochemical 18F-Fluorination as a New Approach for Synthesis of Aromatic PET-Radiopharmaceuticals

Für klinische Untersuchungen mittels Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) sind mit Fluor-18 markierte aromatische Aminosäuren von großer Bedeutung. Die radiochemischen Syntheseverfahren verlaufen bisher meist über elektrophile Reaktionsmechanismen mit [18F]F2 als primärem Vorläuferreagenz. Fluor-18 ist aber in Form von [18F]Fluorid viel zuverlässiger und mit wesentlich besseren Ausbeuten produzierbar, zudem ist dies die einzige Möglichkeit, Radiotracer ohne Trägerzusatz herzustellen. Die wenigen für aromatische Radiotracer vorhandenen nukleophilen Markierungsverfahren für Fluor-18 werden normalerweise nicht angewandt, da sie zeitaufwendig sind und nur geringe radiochemische Ausbeuten liefern. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines neuen Verfahrens zur Synthese aromatischer PET-Radiopharmaka mittels elektrochemischer 18F-Fluorierung am Beispiel des [18F]Fluorphenylalanins. Es ist erstmals gelungen, [18F]Fluorphenylalanin mittels elektrochemischer 18F-Fluorierung herzustellen. In der Literatur werden elektrochemische Fluorierungen am Aromaten nur für Fluor-19 beschrieben. Die Anpassung an die radiochemischen Gegebenheiten erforderte einschneidende Veränderungen der Reaktionsbedingungen aufgrund der völlig anderen Zeit- und Konzentrationsverhältnisse beim Einsatz kurzlebiger radioaktiver Isotope. Es wurden verschiedene Schutzgruppen an der Amino- bzw. Carboxylfunktion der Aminosäure auf ihre Eignung hin untersucht. Die Reaktionsbedingungen wurden bezüglich der Art des Leitsalzes und der Temperatur optimiert. Zudem wurden der Einfluss des [19F]Fluorid-Zusatzes und des für die [18F]Fluorid-Produktion verwendeten Target-Materials ermittelt. Mechanistische Untersuchungen wurden mittels Variation des Arbeitspotentials und der durch das Leitsalz zugesetzten Chlorid-Konzentration durchgeführt. Dadurch konnten eine indirekte Elektrolyse und die primäre Bildung eines chlorierten Produkts mit anschließendem Halogen-Austausch ausgeschlossen werden.For clinical applications with positron emission tomography fluorine-18 labelled aromatic amino acids are of great value. The radiochemical syntheses of these radiopharmaceuticals are mostly electrophilic reactions using [18F]F2 as reagent. But in form of [18F]fluoride fluorine-18 is producible more efficiently. In addition, this is the only possibility for preparing no carrier added radiotracers. For aromatic radiopharmaceuticals only a few nucleophilic labelling procedures exist. Normally, these are not used because they are time consuming and their yields are only low. Aim of the present project was to develop a new method for preparing aromatic PET-radiopharmaceuticals by electrochemical 18F-fluorination. For the first time it was possible to obtain [18F]fluorophenylalanine by electrochemical 18F-fluorination. In literature electrochemical fluorination is described for fluorine-19 only. Using isotopes with short half-lives the conditions concerning time and concentrations are very different. Thus, electrochemical fluorination with fluorine-18 needed extensive modifications of reaction conditions. Several protecting groups for amino and carboxylic functions of amino acids were investigated. Reaction conditions were optimized respecting supporting electrolyte and temperature. Additionally, the influence of [19F]fluoride concentration and target material for producing the radioactive isotope was studied. By variation of working potential and chloride concentrations (added as supporting electrolyte) it was shown that the reaction mechanism is neither indirekt electrolysis nor halex reaction with primary formation of a chlorinated product followed by halogen exchange

Development and successful validation of simple and fast TLC spot tests for determination of Kryptofix® 2.2.2 and Tetrabutylammonium in 18F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals

Kryptofix® 2.2.2 (Kry) or tetrabutylammonium (TBA) are commonly used as phase transfer catalysts in 18F-radiopharmaceutical productions for positron emission tomography (PET). Due to their toxicity, quality control has to be performed before administration of the tracer to assure that limit concentration of residual reagent is not reached. Here, we describe the successful development and pharmaceutical validation (for specificity, accuracy and detection limit) of a simplified color spot test on TLC plates. We were able to prove its applicability as a general, time and resources saving, easy to handle and reliable method in daily routine analyzing 18F-tracer formulations for Kry (in [18F]FDG or [18F]FECh) or TBA contaminations (in [18F]FLT) with special regard to complex matrix compositions

Die Borgia zwischen Wissenschaft und Kunst : ein Kongreß in Schwäbisch Hall

Inhalt: Hering, Jürgen: Zum Geleit; Grußworte von Klaus von Trotha, Karl Friedrich Binder und Jürgen Giesecke; Hermann-Röttgen, Marion: Ein Kongreßbericht; Beiprogramme der Universität Stuttgart, der Volkshochschule Schwäbisch Hall, der Haller Akademie der Künste, Voraufführungen des Kabaretts und Exkursionen; Empfänge; Battlori, P. Miquel: Die Renaissance-Politik Alexanders VI.: Rom - Italien - Spanien - Europa (Vortrag); Hermann-Röttgen, Marion: Das Cesare-Borgia-Bild in Niccolò Machiavellis 'Principe' (Vortrag); Hoffmann, Gabriele: Der Machtmensch Cesare Borgia bei Friedrich Nietzsche (Vortrag); Schüller-Piroli, Susanne: Lucrezia Borgia in der dämonistischen Papstlegende (Vortrag); Röttgen, Herwarth: Savonarola und Alexnader VI. Borgia (Vortrag); Poeschel, Sabine: Bildnisse und Pseudo-Bildnisse im Appartamento Borgia (Vortrag); Tacconelli, Luigi: Faust und Borgia: Die Borgia-Figur in der Faustsage (Vortrag); Hermann-Röttgen, Marion: Vanozza im 17. Jahrhundert: Die Geliebte Alexanders VI. als barocke Mätresse (Vortrag); Schüppert, Helga: Lucrezia Borgia - Ein Frauenideal der Renaissance? (Vortrag); Kienzle, Michael; Mende, Dirk: Theater um die Borgia. Anatomie eines literarischen Skandals am Beispiel Oskar Panizzas 'Liebeskonzil' (Vortrag); Seeber, Hans Ulrich: Algernon Charles Swinburnes Borgia-Drama 'The Duke of Gandia' und das Frauenbild im 19. Jahrhundert (Vortrag); Die Podiumsdiskussion: Geschichte versus Legende (Leitung: Herwarth Röttgen); Die Ausstellung im Hällisch-Fränkischen Museum: Die Renaissance-Familie Borgia - Bildnisgraphik, Medaillen und Dokumente; Foto-Ausstellung: Das Appartamento Borgia im Vatikan im Goethe-Institut Schwäbisch Hall; Ausstellung in der Haller Akademie der Künste: Die Borgia aus der Sicht zeitgenössischer Künstler; Buchausstellungen; Theater in der alten Löwenbrauerei: Victor Hugo: Lukrezia Borgia (Regie: Freia Fischer); Kabarett im Theater-Keller: Christian Duda: 'Lukrezia Borgia'; Textheft: Christian Duda: 'Lukrezia Borgia'; Das interdisziplinäre Projekt 'Swinburne' - Theateraufführung: Algernon Charles Swinburne: Der Herzog von Gandia (Regie: Juri Wassiliew); Textheft: Algernon Charles Swinburne: Der Herzog von Gandia. Erste deutsche Übersetzung; Rezitation: Eine Collage von Texten aus 500 Jahren (Gesprochen von Birgit Kindler); Performance: Die Borgia (Deko-Trio, Haller Akademie der Künste und Kunst- und Kulturforum); Renaissance-Konzert: Gesang, Musik und Tanz aus Rom um 1500 (Leitung: Ursel Fischer-Bernlöhr); Duo Favori; Konzert-Matinee in der Hospitalkirche: Lukrezia Borgia und andere Frauengestalten in der italienischen Oper des 19. Jahrhunderts (Leitung: Klaus Nagora); Gruppo di Musica Popolare; Das Kommunale Kino: Kino im Schafstall (Film); Richard Oswald - Abel Gance - Christian Jaque - Werner Schröter (Film); Renaissance-Fest: Installation und Rauminszenierung - Das Festprogramm - Das Organisations-Team: Kunst- und Kulturforum; Stadtführung: 'Schwäbisch Hall um 1500'; Die Wirkung: Das Ergebnis - Pressespiegel - Leserbriefe - Anzeige

A Holistic Approach for Enhancing the Efficacy of Soil Microbial Inoculants in Agriculture: From Lab to Field Scale

Microbial inoculants can be an efficient tool to manage the soil and plant microbiomes providing direct beneficial effects, and for modulating native soil and plant-associated microbiota. However, the application of soil microbial inoculants as biofertilizers and biopesticides in agriculture is still limited by factors related to their formulation, application method, and the knowledge about the impact and interactions between microbial inoculants and native soil and plant host microbiomes. The review is thus describing and discussing three major aspects related to microbial-based product exploitation, namely: i) the discovery and screening of beneficial microbial strains; ii) the opportunities and challenges associated with strain multifunctional features; iii) the fermentation and formulation strategies also based on the use of wastes as growth substrates and the technical and regulatory challenges faced in their path to field application. All these issues are addressed in activities performed by the EXCALIBUR project (www.excaliburproject.eu), which aims to expand the current concept about microbiomes interactions, acknowledging their interactive network that can impact agricultural practices as well as on all living organisms within an ecosystem