Highly dynamic temporal changes of TSPY gene copy number in aging bulls.

The Y-chromosomal TSPY gene is one of the highest copy number mammalian protein coding gene and represents a unique biological model to study various aspects of genomic copy number variations. This study investigated the age-related copy number variability of the bovine TSPY gene, a new and unstudied aspect of the biology of TSPY that has been shown to vary among cattle breeds, individual bulls and somatic tissues. The subjects of this prospective 30-month long study were 25 Holstein bulls, sampled every six months. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to determine the relative TSPY copy number (rTSPY CN) and telomere length in the DNA samples extracted from blood. Twenty bulls showed an altered rTSPY CN after 30 months, although only 9 bulls showed a significant change (4 significant increase while 5 significant decrease, P<0.01). The sequential sampling provided the flow of rTSPY CN over six observations in 30 months and wide-spread variation of rTSPY CN was detected. Although a clear trend of the direction of change was not identifiable, the highly dynamic changes of individual rTSPY CN in aging bulls were observed here for the first time. In summary we have observed a highly variable rTSPY CN in bulls over a short period of time. Our results suggest the importance of further long term studies of the dynamics of rTSPY CN variablility

The Effect of Synthesized Triazole and Ciprofloxacin Conjugated Peptide Compounds on Biological systems: Biological effects of Triazole and Ciprofloxacin Conjugated Peptide.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and only second in terms of cancer-related death in women. Finding new approaches to treat such cancers is critically important anti-cancer peptides (ACPs) offer the possibility of efficient-cancer drugs, and therefore, the development of drug delivery systems using ACPs as a synergism factor is an attractive strategy to address the current drawbacks of cancer therapeutics. This work investigated the cytotoxicity for a series of synthesized compounds based on triazole or ciprofloxacin conjugated peptides against T-47D breast cancerous cells and possible antibacterial effects. Wang resin was used for constructing peptide sequences on a solid support using the method of solid-phase peptide synthesis (spps) with the Fmoc strategy. Cytotoxicity of the synthesized peptide compounds was evaluated by MTT assay. The antimicrobial effect of synthesized peptide compounds was evaluated by agar well diffusion and Broth microdilution method. Most of the peptide compounds showed a cytotoxic effect toward T-47D cells. The antimicrobial effect of the peptide compounds was examined by agar well diffusion test and broth microdilution method. E. coli and S. aureus strains have shown the least amount of resistance. In the end, we suggest a new design based on these compounds and modifications to gain better anti-cancer agent

Pie chart representation of change in TSPY copy number in the 25 bulls over a period of 30 months relative to 0-month samples.

<p>P≤0.01.</p

Relative TSPY copy number change over the 30 months sampling period (rTSPY CN at T30—rTSPY CN at T0) in each individual bull.

<p>Relative TSPY copy number change over the 30 months sampling period (rTSPY CN at T30—rTSPY CN at T0) in each individual bull.</p

rTSPY CN measured by qPCR at every six months (T0-T30) during the 30 months experiment.

<p>The rTSPY CN is calculated against T0 (thus CN = 1). A line diagram representing all 15 bulls, The size of the circles at each time points are proportional to rTSPY CN±SEM.</p