Innovating the Study of Context: Using a Qualitative Study on Subjugation and Resistance to Explore the Utility of Foucauldian Governmentality as a Framework for Enriching Situational Analyses

Situational analysis has, as an emerging poststructuralist approach to grounded theory, recently grown in use across a diverse range of disciplines and substantive areas. In this paper, we consider the complementarity of Foucauldian governmentality as a theoretical framework for supporting and enriching situational analyses. Our work is based on the findings of a recent study, informed by situational analysis, in which we interviewed 27 HIV-positive (n=16) and HIV-negative (n=11) gay men ages 50 and over about their health care experiences, and used these data to examine processes of subjugation and resistance reflected in their accounts. Drawing on our analytical process, we consider the utility of governmentality in identifying salient discursive forces within a situation of interest, in theorizing how contextual factors operate on and influence the experiences of key actors in a field of inquiry, and in generating insight on fluid uses of power within an area under examination

Baseline epidemiology and associated dog ecology study towards stepwise elimination of rabies in Kwara state, Nigeria

Understanding domestic dog population dynamics and ecology is crucial to any effective rabies control program. This study was conducted as part of the baseline epidemiological studies necessary for the establishment of the Kwara Rabies Rapid Alert System "KRRAS". This study aimed to determine the dog population structure of Kwara State by assessing the dog ownership, vaccination status, and prevalence of dog bites. A total of 1460 questionnaires were administered to respondents in the three senatorial zones of the state using Open Data Kit (ODK) between June 2019 to January 2020. Of the 1460 households surveyed, 293 (20.1 %) owned at least one dog with an average of 2.25 dogs per household. The male to female ratio was 1.9:1 and 79.3 % (n = 523/659) of the owned dogs were local breeds. A total of 785 dogs was enumerated (659 dogs from 293 households and 126 free-roaming dogs) and 7811 persons which resulted in a dog-human ratio of 1:9.95. The estimated dog population is 376,789 (95 % CI: 343,700 - 379,878). Only 31 % (n = 204/659) of households vaccinated their dogs against rabies. The prevalence of dog-bite was 13 % (n = 193/1460) of which only 27 % of the victims (n = 61/225) received post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Dog ownership was significantly impacted by the ethnicity of respondents. Hausa (OR: 3.76; 95 % CI: 1.15-12.4; p &lt; 0.001) and Nupe (OR: 4.48; 95 % CI: 1.77-11.33; p &lt; 0.001) respondents owned dogs than Yoruba respondents. The rabies vaccination status of owned dogs was significantly impacted by the level of education (OR: 5.03; 95 % CI: 1.50-16.83; p &lt; 0.001); history of previous dog bite incidents (OR: 1.74; 95 % CI: 0.95-3.17; p &lt; 0.001); the breed of the dog with exotic dogs being more vaccinated (OR: 2.79: 95 % 0.64-12.05; p &lt; 0.001). Similarly, Male dogs (OR: 1.49, 95 % 1.03-2.86; p &lt; 0.001) and partially confined dogs (OR: 1.09, 95 % 0.45-2.11, p &lt; 0.001) were found to be vaccinated against rabies. The results of the study showed low dog vaccination coverage, and high number of free roaming dogs. Hence, a threat to public health. The low dog vaccination coverage is below the 70-80 % target recommended for herd immunity by the World Health Organization.</p

Rabies Vaccination Coverage and Antibody Profile of Owned Dogs in Abuja, Nigeria

ObjectiveTo determine the vaccination status of owned dogs, assess therabies antibody titre of vaccinated dogs and risk factors associatedwith vaccination of dogs in Abuja, Nigeria.IntroductionRabies is a zoonotic disease of high public health importance1.There have been documented reports of rabies in vaccinateddogs2. Rabies is enzootic in domestic dogs in Nigeria. Hence,annual vaccination campaigns of dogs are advocated with the aimof rabies elimination. Vaccination status, type of vaccination andthe immunogenicity of the various rabies vaccines used in AbujaNigeria has not been studied. To date, no effective medical therapyhas been established for rabies3. Most human rabies deaths occurin the developing countries and though effective and economicalcontrol measures are available their application in developingcountries is hampered by a range of economic, social and politicalfactors. It is widely recognized that the number of deaths officiallyreported in most developing countries greatly underestimates the trueincidence of disease, with several factors contributing to widespreadunderreporting3. Preventive vaccination against rabies virus is ahighly effective method for preventing rabies in humans and animals3but do people vaccinate and how long does the immunity conferredby the vaccine remain protective in the dogs in Abuja?. Rabies hashigh financial expenditure burden on any country where it is endemicmainly associated with costs incurred on post-exposure prophylaxis(determined by the type of vaccine, vaccine regimen and route ofadministration as well as the type of immunoglobulin used).MethodsDog serum samples (n=276) were collected from Abuja the FederalCapital Territory (FCT) Nigeria, from 5 locations (Phase 1, 2, 3,Gwagwalada and Kubwa) based on availability and owners consent.Rabies antibody serum titer was determined using an indirect enzymelinked immuno-sorbent assay. Face to face structured questionnaireswere used to obtain demographic and zoographic information fromthe dog owners. Associations between the demographic variables,vaccination status and rabies antibody titer of each dog were assessedusingχ2analysis.ResultsOf the dogs sampled, 229 (83%) had certified antirabies vaccinationrecord. The dogs sampled, which were vaccinated from Phase I, II,III and the satellite towns were; 109/118 (92.37%), 32/33 (96.97%),48/49 (97.96%) and 40/76 (52.63%), respectively. A total of 276serum samples were collected, processed and analyzed during thisstudy. Out of the 276 dogs sampled, 239 (86.6%) had rabies antibodytitre≥0.6EU/ml whilst 37 (13.4%) had less than 0.6EU/ml. Therewas a marked decline in rabies antibody titre with increase in time.Out of the 228 exotic breeds of dogs sampled, 218 (95.6%) werevaccinated whilst 11 (22.9%) of the 48indigenous breed of dogssampled were vaccinated. All the exotic breed of dogs had rabiesantibody titre≥0.6EU/ml whilst 37 (77.1%) of the indigenousbreed of dogs had less than 0.6 EU/ml levels of rabies antibody titre.All dogs within 6 months to 1 year and greater than 10 years of agehad≥0.6EU/ml rabies antibody titre whilst dogs within 1-5 years had1 (0.5%) and 36(69.2%) dogs of age 6-10 years had rabies antibodytitre &lt; 0.6EU/ml. Twelve (7.6%) of the males and 25 (21.2%) of thefemales had less than 0.6EU/ml rabies antibody titre. All the dogsacquired by importation and from breeders had rabies antibody titre≥0.6EU/ml whilst 37 (27.2%) of the dogs acquired from friends hadless than 0.6EU/ml rabies antibody titre.Significant associations were observed between breed (χ2= 203,df = 1, P-value &lt; 0.05), age (χ2= 172, df = 3, P-value &lt; 0.05), sex(χ2= 10.75, df = 1, P-value &lt; 0.05), source (χ2= 43.99, df = 2, P-value&lt; 0.05), rabies vaccination status (χ2= 276.00, df = 2, P-value &lt; 0.05)and the rabies antibody prevalence of sampled dogs.ConclusionsThis cross-sectional study shows that not all dog owners vaccinatetheir dogs and that the vaccines conferred protection beyond12 months. The Preventive vaccination against rabies virus is ahighly effective method for preventing rabies in humans and animals.Policies to enhance mass mandatory annual vaccination to achieve70% coverage should be implemented in order to eradicate rabies

Cryptosporidium in Wild Frogs ( Rana spp ) Consumed by humans in Kaduna State Nigeria

ObjectiveTo evaluate the occurrence ofCryptosporidiumspecies in ediblefrogs (Ranaspp) sold at the Hanwa frog market Zaria, Kaduna State,Nigeria.IntroductionSinceCryptosporidiumcan be transmitted by ingestion of infectedfood animals and poorly treated water and by direct contact1it ispossible for infection to occur through ingestion of under cookedfrogs and through handling and processing of infected frogs.In Burkina Faso frogs caught are sold to market-women who treatthe frogs by emptying their bowels and frying in oil before sellingthem, this is not always the case for the Nigerian frog markets wherefrogs are sometimes smoked or dried without necessarily been fried,before consumption2. This may pose a health risk for transmission ofcryptosporidiosis from infected frogs.Presence ofCryptosporidiumoocysts in frogs may by implicationreveal theCryptosporidiumstatus of water bodies from varioussources where the frogs were caught. Water management programmesfor treatment ofCryptosporidiumis difficult as the oocyst is resistantto several disinfectants including chlorine1. The consumption ofsuch treated water in urban areas and untreated water in mostrural communities may expose a great proportion of Nigerians tocryptosporidiosis. Owing to the number of HIV/AIDS patientswho commonly suffer from cryptosporidial enteritis and cough, thecontrol of cryptosporidiosis in animals and man is of public healthsignificance.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between February andApril, 2016 using intestinal contents from wild capturedRanaspeciesof frogs (n=117), sourced from 8 different locations, from the frogcentral collection, sales and processing point at Hanwa in Zaria. Theintestinal contents from the frogs were examined by staining flotationand sedimentation smears with modified Ziehl-Neelsen stainsfollowed by microscopy and micrometry of the oocysts.ResultsOverall, 35.9% of frogs sampled from the Hanwa frog marketwere positive forCryptosporidiumoocysts. There were moreCryptosporidiumoocysts detected by sedimentation test (28.2%) thanflotation test (23.9%). Although there was no significant statisticalassociation between sex of frogs and oocyst detection (χ2=0.5349,p&gt;0.05); sex wise, female frogs (40%) and frogs within the weightrange 170-219g were more infected withCryptosporidium(66.7%).Oocysts size ranging between 6.10μm -7.00μm, had the highestfrequency of 10 (23.8%). By size 28.2% of the oocysts detectedsuggest infection withC. parvumandC. maleagridis.ConclusionsWe present the first report ofCryptosporidiumoocysts in wildedible frogs (Ranaspp) sold at the Hanwa frog market Zaria, KadunaState, Nigeria. Frog consumption is on the increase in Nigeria, butbaseline information on associated zoonoses is rare. A cross-sectionalstudy conducted between February and April, 2016 using intestinalcontents from wild captured frogs (n=117), sourced from 8 differentlocations using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen stains and micrometryrevealed 35.9% were positive forCryptosporidiumoocysts.Of the oocysts detected 28.2% suggest infection withC. parvumandC. maleagridis,this may constitute a health risk for humans

Serological and Molecular Survey for Dengue Virus Infection in Suspected Febrile Patients in Selected Local Government Areas in Adamawa State, Nigeria

Dengue is a disease caused by the dengue virus that is primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Currently, the disease poses a threat to public health, with about 390 million people reported to be infected annually across the endemic regions of the world. In Nigeria, the disease is under-reported and often misdiagnosed as malaria. This study was designed to conduct a serological and molecular survey for dengue virus infection in febrile patients in three Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Adamawa State, Nigeria, from September through December 2020. Serum samples from 424 patients were analysed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (CALBIOTECH, Dengue Virus IgM ELISA). Thick and thin smear microscopic techniques were used to determine the presence of malaria parasites. Overall, 19.4% patients were sero-positive for dengue in the three study locations. A total of 11%, 14.5% and 12.3% participants were found to be co-infected with dengue and malaria in Mubi, Jimeta and Numan, respectively. The CDC DENV1-4 RT-PCR Assay reagent was used for serotype-specific detection and identification of circulating serotypes. From the ELISA-positive samples, 11 (2.6%) cases were confirmed to be dengue serotype 1 by Real-Time PCR and sequencing and were found to be in circulation in all the three study areas. With an overall sero-prevalence of 19.4%, dengue virus infection may be one of the major causes of febrile illnesses across the study locations; hence, public healthcare professionals should not neglect other aetiologies of febrile illnesses and the need to conduct laboratory diagnoses to determine the possible causes of febrile illnesses

Heat induced epitope retrieval for rabies virus detection by direct fluorescent antibody test in formalin-fixed dog brain tissues

There is a great need for a chemical method of tissue preservation that would allow sample storage for extended periods at room temperature. This study aimed at retrieving and detecting rabies virus antigen by direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) in formalin-fixed dog brain tissues. Forty fresh dog brain specimens were collected as paired samples from rabies suspected cases that were received for postmortem detection of rabies in the Central Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom. One portion of each paired sample was prepared for fresh fluorescent antibody testing and the other portion was prepared for epitope retrieval and florescent antibody testing following fixation in 10% neutral buffered formalin. DFAT on formalin-fixed tissue exhibited a sensitivity of 100% in comparison to DFAT on fresh-tissue. No false positive result was obtained in formalin-fixed DFAT procedure, demonstrating 100% specificity. There was no apparent difference in the intensity of fluorescence in DFAT on fresh sample and formalin-fixed DFAT following heat induced epitope retrieval (concordance = 98%; 95% C.I. 0.9660 to 0.9903). The strength of agreement between DFAT on formalin-fixed and DFAT on fresh tissue was very good (Cohen’s kappa coefficient value= 1.000; 95% C.I. 1.000-1.000). This study provides new information on the retrieval of rabies antigen by heat induced epitope retrieval for DFAT on formalinized tissues. Formalin could therefore, be used henceforth to fix tissues of rabies suspected cases for routine diagnosis, transportation or archival purposes. The heat induced epitope retrieval can be routinely used to retrieve rabies virus antigen for DFAT in cases where only formalin-fixed tissues are available or when preservation by freezing is difficult

Frail Line

Frail Line is a story about the changed dynamics of a father-daughter relationship after a separation of many years. The daughter is a hair dresser with long hair, she cuts her hair after the breakup with her boyfriend. Disillusioned with romantic love, the daughter seeks solace and escape in the company of her father, a male figure who has re-entered her life. Together, they question the value of human connections in the face of the capriousness of feelings. The climax of the story comes when in their vulnerability, the pair crosses the line of a father-daughter relationship, and a human being’s instinctive need to be needed and desired by another is brought to light. The seemingly familial reunion eventually leads to a different kind of bond. How will they struggle to redefine their changing relationships? Frail Line is told in a magic-realistic style and from a female point of view, it is a new exploration of familial ties in Singapore. It also explores the disenchantment with interpersonal relationships that youths face and what they do the stem the pain when relief seems elusive…Bachelor of Fine Art

Bacteriological quality of Nono, a milk product sold at retail outlets in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Introduction: Milk handling in the Nigerian informal dairy sector is commonly done without observing hygienic practices, which is a threat to food safety and public health. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in treatment of infections in animals has led to increasing resistance of pathogenic organisms to commonly used antibiotics. We determined the bacteriological quality of nono and the antimicrobial resistance of respective bacterial isolates. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 300 samples of ready-to-consume locally fermented milk product (nono) sold in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria between June and September 2018. We used a multistage sampling technique for sample collection. Culturing on appropriate media and conventional biochemical tests were carried out for identification and isolation of bacteria of interest while further confirmatory tests were carried out using Microbact/Mocrogen® kits. Serological test was conducted using Remel RIM™ Latex to confirm presence of E. coli 0157:H7 sero-group, while Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results: Total Aerobic Plate Count (±SD) ranged from 5.6 ± 1.7 - 7.0 ± 0.4 log10 cfu/ml while total coliform count ranged from 5.6 ± 0.5 - 6.5 ± 0.7 log10 cfu/ml. Out of the 300 samples, 37 (12.3%) tested positive for E. coli out of which 16% were of the 0157:H7 sero-group while 21(7%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. E. coli isolates were found to be totally resistant to Vancomycin and Methicillin, and almost totally resistant to Ampicillin (97%) and Tetracycline (95%). Staphylococcus aureus isolates on the other hand were totally resistant to Oxacillin, Ticarcillin and Amoxycillin. Conclusion: Total plate counts from this study is above the maximum permissible range of 4.6 log10 cfu/ml. The bacterial isolates showed multidrug resistance varying from 3 to 8 of the antibiotics used. We recommended health education and awareness creation on hygiene practices among local milk vendors and advocated for right use of antimicrobials in animals by veterinarians

Bacteriological quality of Nono, a milk product sold at retail outlets in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Introduction: Milk handling in the Nigerian informal dairy sector is commonly done without observing hygienic practices, which is a threat to food safety and public health. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in treatment of infections in animals has led to increasing resistance of pathogenic organisms to commonly used antibiotics. We determined the bacteriological quality of nono and the antimicrobial resistance of respective bacterial isolates. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 300 samples of ready-to-consume locally fermented milk product (nono) sold in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria between June and September 2018. We used a multistage sampling technique for sample collection. Culturing on appropriate media and conventional biochemical tests were carried out for identification and isolation of bacteria of interest while further confirmatory tests were carried out using Microbact/Mocrogen® kits. Serological test was conducted using Remel RIM™ Latex to confirm presence of E. coli 0157:H7 sero-group, while Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results: Total Aerobic Plate Count (±SD) ranged from 5.6 ± 1.7 - 7.0 ± 0.4 log10 cfu/ml while total coliform count ranged from 5.6 ± 0.5 - 6.5 ± 0.7 log10 cfu/ml. Out of the 300 samples, 37 (12.3%) tested positive for E. coli out of which 16% were of the 0157:H7 sero-group while 21(7%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. E. coli isolates were found to be totally resistant to Vancomycin and Methicillin, and almost totally resistant to Ampicillin (97%) and Tetracycline (95%). Staphylococcus aureus isolates on the other hand were totally resistant to Oxacillin, Ticarcillin and Amoxycillin. Conclusion:Total plate counts from this study is above the maximum permissible range of 4.6 log10 cfu/ml. The bacterial isolates showed multidrug resistance varying from 3 to 8 of the antibiotics used. We recommended health education and awareness creation on hygiene practices among local milk vendors and advocated for right use of antimicrobials in animals by veterinarians

Detection of Some Lyssaviruses from Fruigivorous and Insectivorous Bats in Nigeria

We report the first evidence of Shimoni bat virus (SHBV) and the detection of Lagos bat virus (LBV)and Mokola virus (MOKV) in bats from Nigeria. In total, 356 bats representing 7 genera and 8 species, collected in 8 locations of northern Nigeria. None of the 356 bat brains screened by direct fluorescent antibody (DFAT) test were positive for &lt;i&gt;lyssavirus&lt;/i&gt; antigens. Of the 76 sera screened by modified rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) 24 (31.6%) had  neutralizing activity; 22(29.0%) neutralized LBV, 6(7.9%) neutralized MOKV and 18(23.7%) neutralized SHBV). Lyssaviruses may be circulating in bats or other wild animals in Nigeria