Impact of hookworms and their secreted proteins on the microbiota and subsequent development of type 2 diabetes in mice

Zainab Khudhair Agha examined the potential of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections and their excretory/secretory (ES) proteins as therapeutics in mouse models of T2D. Agha found that infection with N. brasiliensis or their ES protected against T2D. This reveals novel mechanisms by which gastrointestinal nematodes and their ES proteins can be harnessed as a source of next generation therapeutics for inflammatory and metabolic diseases

Study ABO / Rh Systems with IL-18 & IL-33 in Iraqi Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type II

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorder disease. The inflammatory markers act as a new risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes with a possible association with ABO/Rh blood groups. Human ABO genes are located on chromosome 9q34.1-q34.2. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between inflammatory markers, interleukin (IL) -18 and IL-33 in type 2DM and ABO blood groups. Sixty four patients with newly diagnosed type2 DM and control group consist of twenty healthy Iraqi individual. Laboratory test were include ABO blood groups using standard serological procedures and detection IL-18 and IL-33 in serum by ELISA kits. The Present data showed a significant increase in the serum level of IL-18 between type 2 DM patients and control, while there was no significant difference in the serum level of IL-33. At the same time both study blood groups O patients & control showed lowest level of serum IL-18, while blood group A with allele A showed less concentration of IL-33 in patients & control. Blood group O showed the highest percentage in patients & control, also Rh positive showed higher percentage. In conclusion, positive relation between IL-18 concentration and risk of type 2 DM, thus may be a predictor for newly diagnostic diabetic patient, while Serum levels of IL-33 might be a predictor marker of disease progression. No associations were found between ABO & Rh groups with type 2 DM

Administration of Hookworm Excretory/Secretory Proteins Improves Glucose Tolerance in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes is recognised as the world's fastest growing chronic condition globally. Helminth infections have been shown to be associated with a lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), in part due to their ability to induce a type 2 immune response. Therefore, to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of T2D-induced insulin resistance, we treated mice fed on normal or diabetes-promoting diets with excretory/secretory products (ES) from the gastrointestinal helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. We demonstrated that treatment with crude ES products from adult worms (AES) or infective third-stage larvae (L3ES) from N. brasiliensis improved glucose tolerance and attenuated body weight gain in mice fed on a high glycaemic index diet. N. brasiliensis ES administration to mice was associated with a type 2 immune response measured by increased eosinophils and IL-5 in peripheral tissues but not IL-4, and with a decrease in the level of IL-6 in adipose tissue and corresponding increase in IL-6 levels in the liver. Moreover, treatment with AES or L3ES was associated with significant changes in the community composition of the gut microbiota at the phylum and order levels. These data highlight a role for N. brasiliensis ES in modulating the immune response associated with T2D, and suggest that N. brasiliensis ES contain molecules with therapeutic potential for treating metabolic syndrome and T2D

Gastrointestinal helminth infection improves insulin sensitivity, decreases systemic inflammation, and alters the composition of gut microbiota in distinct mouse models of Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major health problem and is considered one of the top 10 diseases leading to death globally. T2D has been widely associated with systemic and local inflammatory responses and with alterations in the gut microbiota. Microorganisms, including parasitic worms and gut microbes have exquisitely co-evolved with their hosts to establish an immunological interaction that is essential for the formation and maintenance of a balanced immune system, including suppression of excessive inflammation. Herein we show that both prophylactic and therapeutic infection of mice with the parasitic hookworm-like nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance and body weight gain in two different diet-induced mouse models of T2D. Helminth infection was associated with elevated type 2 immune responses including increased eosinophil numbers in the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and adipose tissues, as well as increased expression of IL-4 and alternatively activated macrophage marker genes in adipose tissue, liver and gut. N. brasiliensis infection was also associated with significant compositional changes in the gut microbiota at both the phylum and order levels. Our findings show that N. brasiliensis infection drives changes in local and systemic immune cell populations, and that these changes are associated with a reduction in systemic and local inflammation and compositional changes in the gut microbiota which cumulatively might be responsible for the improved insulin sensitivity observed in infected mice. Our findings indicate that carefully controlled therapeutic hookworm infection in humans could be a novel approach for treating metabolic syndrome and thereby preventing T2D

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Abstract: Wit

Administration of Hookworm Excretory/Secretory Proteins Improves Glucose Tolerance in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes is recognised as the world’s fastest growing chronic condition globally. Helminth infections have been shown to be associated with a lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), in part due to their ability to induce a type 2 immune response. Therefore, to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of T2D-induced insulin resistance, we treated mice fed on normal or diabetes-promoting diets with excretory/secretory products (ES) from the gastrointestinal helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. We demonstrated that treatment with crude ES products from adult worms (AES) or infective third-stage larvae (L3ES) from N. brasiliensis improved glucose tolerance and attenuated body weight gain in mice fed on a high glycaemic index diet. N. brasiliensis ES administration to mice was associated with a type 2 immune response measured by increased eosinophils and IL-5 in peripheral tissues but not IL-4, and with a decrease in the level of IL-6 in adipose tissue and corresponding increase in IL-6 levels in the liver. Moreover, treatment with AES or L3ES was associated with significant changes in the community composition of the gut microbiota at the phylum and order levels. These data highlight a role for N. brasiliensis ES in modulating the immune response associated with T2D, and suggest that N. brasiliensis ES contain molecules with therapeutic potential for treating metabolic syndrome and T2D

Evaluating the Mortality Outcomes of Premature Infants in the Intensive Care Unit

Currently, premature birth is the predominant and crucial factor contributing to birth complications, leading to both perinatal mortality and morbidity, with an impact on as many as five to twelve percent of all births. Our study conducted a statistical analysis to evaluate mortality outcomes for preterm infants in the intensive care unit. Patients and methods: From 12th March 2022 to 8th April 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate preterm neonatal patients in the neonatal intensive care unit at different hospitals in Iraq. We enrolled 105 participants and included preoperative demographic data in our investigation. The data were obtained from patients with premature infants delivered between 20- and 36 weeks gestation and birth weight in term [1/2 - 1], [1 - 1 ½], [1 ½ - 2], and > 2. Demographic data on smoking, steroid use, gestational age, types of obstetric interventions, and age of pregnant women (under 30 years and over 30 years) were analysed in our investigation. Results: The research found that 62.86% of the sample population comprised women over the age of 30, while women aged less than 30 accounted for 37.14%. Our study comprised women who attended an entire hospital where clinical data were collected, and 29.52% of deliveries were vaginal, while Caesarean section accounted for 70.48%. The study analysed women in gestational weeks ranging from 20 to 24, and the incidence was 14.29%. The study analysed the postoperative mortality of premature infants, with a rate of 53.33% for women in gestational weeks between 31 to 36. The duration of hospital stay was (37.22 ± 25.441) days, and the discharge weight was (2110 ± 780.4) grams. There were 15 cases of premature infant patients weighing over 2 grams. Conclusion: Prematurity is one risk factor that increases the likelihood of a newborn dying from respiratory distress syndrome. Low birth weight is the other risk factor for respiratory distress syndrome-related death

Evaluating the Mortality Outcomes of Premature Infants in the Intensive Care Unit

<p>Currently, premature birth is the predominant and crucial factor contributing to birth complications, leading to both perinatal mortality and morbidity, with an impact on as many as five to twelve percent of all births. Our study conducted a statistical analysis to evaluate mortality outcomes for preterm infants in the intensive care unit.</p><p>Patients and methods: From 12th March 2022 to 8th April 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate preterm neonatal patients in the neonatal intensive care unit at different hospitals in Iraq. We enrolled 105 participants and included preoperative demographic data in our investigation. The data were obtained from patients with premature infants delivered between 20- and 36 weeks gestation and birth weight in term [1/2 - 1], [1 - 1 ½], [1 ½ - 2], and > 2. Demographic data on smoking, steroid use, gestational age, types of obstetric interventions, and age of pregnant women (under 30 years and over 30 years) were analysed in our investigation.</p><p>Results: The research found that 62.86% of the sample population comprised women over the age of 30, while women aged less than 30 accounted for 37.14%. Our study comprised women who attended an entire hospital where clinical data were collected, and 29.52% of deliveries were vaginal, while Caesarean section accounted for 70.48%. The study analysed women in gestational weeks ranging from 20 to 24, and the incidence was 14.29%. The study analysed the postoperative mortality of premature infants, with a rate of 53.33% for women in gestational weeks between 31 to 36. The duration of hospital stay was (37.22 ± 25.441) days, and the discharge weight was (2110 ± 780.4) grams. There were 15 cases of premature infant patients weighing over 2 grams.</p><p>Conclusion: Prematurity is one risk factor that increases the likelihood of a newborn dying from respiratory distress syndrome. Low birth weight is the other risk factor for respiratory distress syndrome-related death.</p&gt

Sonochemical synthesis and characterization of Mn2+Mn3+6[SiO4]O8 nanostructures and their application as photocatalyst for degradation of water-soluble organic pollutants below simulated sunlight

In the present study, novel Mn2+Mn3+6[SiO4]O8 (braunite, MSO) nanostructures were fabricated by a simple and affordable sonochemical method. The uniformity, structure, shape, and size of the product are affected by sonication time and power. Mn2+Mn3+6[SiO4]O8 were used as a photocatalyst in the visible region due to their suitable bandgap (2.52 eV). The photocatalytic tests indicate that Mn2+Mn3+6[SiO4]O8 nanostructures can degrade organic dyes, such as Eriochrome Black T (EBT) and Erythrosine (ER) in high values. Therefore, the degradation rate is 94.8% under ideal circumstances, which include 70 mg of catalyst and 10 ppm EBT. According to the kinetics study, the superior rate constant (k = 0.0217 min−1) results in the maximum photocatalytic efficiency (94.8%). The recycle test unveils that Mn2+Mn3+6[SiO4]O8 is so stable and after five cycles, the photocatalyst efficiency decreased by 14.9 and 14.2% for EBT and erythrosine, respectively. Superoxide radicals were found to be the most active radicals implicated in the degradation of EBT and erythrosine by the scavenger's test