How Are Inflation Expectations Formed by Consumers, Economists and the Financial Market?

Inflation expectations have been of great interest to economists because they predict how agents in an economy set prices and react to changes in various macroeconomic variables. The existence of Keynesian liquidity traps in Japan and the United States have helped emphasize the importance of inflation expectations, especially when monetary policy is rendered ineffective and there is almost perfect substitutability between money and bonds due to the zero bound condition of interest rates. Given the canonical theories of rational and adaptive expectations, this paper will use a simple model of the economy to measure the effect of various macroeconomic variables on the formation of inflation expectations. It will test to see how consumers, economists and the market measure and forecast inflation both in the short and in the long run

Fuzzy essential submodules with respect to an arbitrary fuzzy submodule

In this paper, we extend the concepts of a fuzzy essential submodule and a fuzzy complement submodule to the concepts of fuzzy essential submodule with respect to an arbitrary fuzzy submodule and fuzzy complement submodule with respect to an arbitrary fuzzy submodule respectively. We give some characterizations and properties of such fuzzy submodules.Publisher's Versio

Distribution of scattered X-rays

The present work was undertaken with a view to testing the scattering functions as given by classical and quantum theories, and studying the influence of the variations referred to above. This seemed desirable in making an attempt to reconcile the conflicting results of various experimenters, and in order to obtain more information regarding the conditions necessary for the observation of the modification by scattering. (See papers on the 3- phenomenon). In particular in this laboratory it has many times been found that when the radiator has been very thin, the difference between primary and scattered radiation has entirely disappeared, also the difference between the radiations scattered in different directions has under certain conditions vanished or become evident only by a discontinuity. The conditions most favourable for these results agreeing with classical theory, seemed to be (1) a thin scatterer, (2) a soft radiation and (3) possibly feeble intensity

Cultural Rights v. Species Protection: A case study of pacific leatherback sea turtles

The leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), sometimes called the lute turtle, is the largest of all living turtles. It is the fourth- heaviest modern reptile behind three crocodilians. These species are categorized as critically endangered under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. These turtles avail pro- tection under the Convention on Illicit Trade in Endangered Species (CITES); a treaty enacted to protect wildlife against over-exploita- tion and with an aim to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. The said treaty is applicable to species in general unless a specific exception applies. However, inasmuch as these turtles are concerned, it pro- hibits all trade for “primarily commercial purposes”. The reproduc- tion rate of these turtles is extremely low and their nesting beaches are un-protected. As a corollary, many perpetrators, like various communities of ‘peoples’ consume their eggs. In addition to the wide- spread consumption of turtle eggs in Mexico, the indigenous Seri In- dians also used leatherback sea turtles during important cultural cer- emonies. Moreover, these turtles are killed as a ‘by-catch’ while shrimps are caught within shrimp nets for the fisheries industry. The killing of these turtles disrupts the oceanic food chain as they feed on jellyfish, which if increases, could reduce the population of commercially viable fish. The entire debate which emanates here is that, although various communities of “peoples” have a cultural right to self-determination under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the rights of fishing these turtles beyond their territories is prohibited by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD). This paper endeavors to analyze the applicability of these conventions to the situation at hand, along with the efforts made by var- ious countries in their domestic legislations to conserve these turtles and their nesting beaches. The bone of contention which also comes to the fore here is the question of ‘who has the right to conserve these turtles?’, considering that these turtles have extraterritorial move- ments and any conservation measures can only possibly be taken in the high seas. The paper also tries to address the said pertinent issue

Undermined Determinant of a College’s Success: Health & Wellness of a College Employe

Our society has taken college employees' health and wellbeing for granted and has not recognized that many of the economic, intellectual and artistic accomplishments in American life are in large part due to the invaluable contributions of college employees. The health and wellbeing of college employees is an underappreciated area of intervention for worksite health promotion. In comparison to the corporate world, service industries and the manufacturing industries, the wellness of college employees is often at the bottom of the priority list for the health and wellness of the workforce in the United States. This commentary calls for an increased involvement of health educators in college employee health and wellness promotion programs, wellness initiatives, policy changes and research