The Existence of Relative pure Injective Envelopes

Let $\mathcal{S}$ be a class of finitely presented $R$-modules such that $R\in \mathcal{S}$ and $\mathcal{S}$ has a subset $\mathcal{S}^*,$ with the property that for any $U\in \mathcal{S}$ there is a $U^*\in \mathcal{S}^*$ with $U^*\cong U.$ We show that the class of $\mathcal{S}$-pure injective $R$-modules is preenveloping. As an application, we deduce that the left global $\mathcal{S}$-pure projective dimension of $R$ is equal to its left global $\mathcal{S}$-pure injective dimension. As our main result, we prove that, in fact, the class of $\mathcal{S}$-pure injective $R$-modules is enveloping.Comment: to appear in Colloquium Mathematicu

Gorenstein homology, relative pure homology and virtually Gorenstein rings

We consider the following question: Is Gorenstein homology a X-pure homology, in the sense defined by Warfield, for a class X of modules? Let GP denote the class of Gorenstein projective modules. We prove that over a commutative Noetherian ring R of finite Krull dimension, Gorenstein homology is a GP-pure homology if and only if R is virtually Gorenstein.Comment: To appear in Journal of Pure and Applied Algebr

In Silico Analysis of Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on The Hepatitis C Virus Surface Glycoproteins

Objective: Despite of antiviral drugs and successful treatment, an effective vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV)infection is still required. Recently, bioinformatic methods same as prediction algorithms, have greatly contributed tothe use of peptides in the design of immunogenic vaccines. Therefore, finding more conserved sites on the surfaceglycoproteins (E1 and E2) of HCV, as major targets to design an effective vaccine against genetically different virusesin each genotype was the goal of the study. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 100 entire sequences of E1 and E2 were retrieved from the NCBIwebsite and analyzed in terms of mutations and critical sites by Bioedit 7.7.9, MEGA X software. Furthermore, HCV-1asamples were obtained from some infected people in Iran, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR)assay was optimized to amplify their E1 and E2 genes. Moreover, all three-dimensional structures of E1 andE2 downloaded from the PDB database were analyzed by YASARA. In the next step, three interest areas of humoralimmunity in the E2 glycoprotein were evaluated. OSPREY3.0 protein design software was performed to increase theaffinity to neutralizing antibodies in these areas. Results: We found the effective in silico binding affinity of residues in three broadly neutralizing epitopes of E2glycoprotein. First, positions that have substitution capacity were detected in these epitopes. Furthermore, residuesthat have high stability for substitution in these situations were indicated. Then, the mutants with the strongest affinityto neutralize antibodies were predicted. I414M, T416S, I422V, I414M-T416S, and Q412N-I414M-T416S substitutionstheoretically were exhibited as mutants with the best affinity binding. Conclusion: Using an innovative filtration strategy, the residues of E2 epitopes which have the best in silico bindingaffinity to neutralizing antibodies were exhibited and a distinct peptide library platform was designed

The role of free zones in the regional and national development of Iran

In recent years the number of Free Trade Zones (FTZs) or Export Processing Zones (EPZs) has rapidly grown. Close to fifty countries have now established EPZs to stimulate and diversify their industrial growth. The efectiveness and performance of EPZs is an important topic of interest and concern for political decision-makers and donor agencies. The thesis lays out a theoretical and empirical framework for evaluating such zones, incorporating investigation of the Qesh Free Area(QFA), in the Persian Gulf, whose activities, employment and trading relations were studied to make a full evaluation of its performance. Through interviews with Iranian political and economic leaders and careful interpretation and analysis of pertinent documents, significant achievements and trends in Iran are reviewed. It is concluded that political, economic and social conditions are of greater relevance in attracting investors than the content of specific package of incentives offered to foreign industries and investors.In recent years the number of Free Trade Zones (FTZs) or Export Processing Zones (EPZs) has rapidly grown. Close to fifty countries have now established EPZs to stimulate and diversify their industrial growth. The efectiveness and performance of EPZs is an important topic of interest and concern for political decision-makers and donor agencies. The thesis lays out a theoretical and empirical framework for evaluating such zones, incorporating investigation of the Qesh Free Area(QFA), in the Persian Gulf, whose activities, employment and trading relations were studied to make a full evaluation of its performance. Through interviews with Iranian political and economic leaders and careful interpretation and analysis of pertinent documents, significant achievements and trends in Iran are reviewed. It is concluded that political, economic and social conditions are of greater relevance in attracting investors than the content of specific package of incentives offered to foreign industries and investors

Extensive Subcutaneous Calcinosis and Hypercalcemia in the Setting of Mineral Oil-Injection-Related Foreign Body Reaction: A Case Report

Soft tissue calcifications are a common imaging finding, but in the setting of a cosmetic augmentative injection and hypercalcemia, it may be pathognomonic for lipogranuloma, a delayed granulomatous inflammatory reaction to the injected foreign material. Although diagnosis of lipogranuloma is based on the results of histopathologic examination, the radiologist may play a key role in the clinical evaluation of challenging cases when patients do not report about nonmedical cosmetic procedures. If the treatment of granulomatosis-induced hypercalcemia is not timely, it may result in chronic renal disease and other comorbidities. We report a case of lipogranuloma with extensive subcutaneous calcification and hypercalcemia associated with cosmetic injection

Testicular masses in a man with a plausible sarcoidosis

Genitourinary involvement with sarcoidosis is very rare. The objective of this report was to present a case of a patient with testicular swelling. The patient was an infertile 42-year-old man with bilateral testicular swelling. Semen analysis in the past 10 years revealed no abnormality; however, gradually he became azoospermic in 3 years. A diagnosis of sarcoidosis made on the basis of hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy in chest CT scan was confirmed through testicular and epididymal biopsy. Testicular masses vanished after administering steroids, and azoospermia recovered. To conclude, although genitourinary sarcoidosis is rare, it must be kept in mind in patients with confirmed sarcoidosis

Thoracic Kidney: Extremely Rare State of Aberrant Kidney

The thorax is the rarest place among all forms of renal ectopia. We report a rare case of an unacquired thoracic kidney. Only about 200 cases of the thoracic kidney have ever been reported in medical literature worldwide. In this paper we present the rarest form of nontraumatic nonhernia associated, truly ectopic thoracic kidney. The differential diagnosis and management options and classification of this rare form of aberrant kidney are discussed

Effects of weekend admission on the outcomes and management of ruptured aortic aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Ruptured aortic aneurysm is a condition with a high rate of mortality that requires prompt surgical intervention. It has been noted that in some conditions requiring such prompt intervention, in-hospital mortality is increased in patients admitted on the weekends compared with patients admitted on weekdays. We sought to determine if this was indeed the case for both ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and to elucidate the possible reasons. METHODS: Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a publicly available database of inpatient care, we analyzed the incidence of mortality among 7200 patients admitted on the weekends compared with weekdays for ruptured aortic aneurysm. Among these patients, 19% had a TAA and 81% had an AAA, and each group was analyzed for differences in mortality during the hospitalization. We adjusted for demographics, comorbid conditions, hospital characteristics, rates of surgical intervention, timing of surgical intervention, and use of additional therapeutic measures. RESULTS: Patients admitted on the weekend for both ruptured TAA and AAA had a statistically significant increase in mortality compared with those admitted on the weekdays (TAA: odds ratio, 2.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.77-3.68; P = .03; AAA: odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.55; P = .0004). Among those with TAA, a surgical intervention was performed on day of admission in 62.1% of weekday admissions vs 34.9% of weekend admissions (P < .0001). This difference was much smaller among those with an aortic aneurysm; 79.6% had a surgical intervention on day of admission on a weekday vs 77.2% on the weekend (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Weekend admission for ruptured aortic aneurysm is associated with an increased mortality compared with admission on a weekday, and this is likely due to several factors including a delay in prompt surgical intervention