3.Oil pollution

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科　環境科学Editor : Tazaki, Kazue, Cover:Scanning electoron microscopic photograph of Gallionella sp. in biomats of Aso caldera, Kyusyu, Japan. Various shapes of Gallonella sp. are shown (image:Moriichi, Shingo).COE, 金沢大学 水・土壌環境領域シンポジウム「地球環境における微生物の役割」, 日時：2002年12月4日（水）13：00～, 場所：金沢大学理学部3階第一実験

Perlite Rocks as a Benefical Material in Heavy Oil Bioremediation

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科Scedule:17-18 March 2003, Vemue: Kanazawa, Japan, Kanazawa Citymonde Hotel, Project Leader : Hayakawa, Kazuichi, Symposium Secretariat: XO kamata, Naoto, Edited by:Kamata, Naoto

Ⅳ. Remediation

Editor : Tazaki, Kazue |田崎, 和

Ⅴ. Application and other cases

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科　環境科学Editor : Tazaki, Kazue |田崎, 和

Alkane-degrading bacteria and heavy metals from the Nakhodka oil spill-polluted seashores in the Sea of Japan after five years of bioremediation

Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa UniversityDepartment of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanazawa UniversityDepartment of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanazawa UniversityOcean Research Institute, University of TokyoThis paper describes the isolation of alkane-degrading bacteria from the Nakhodka oil spill-polluted seashores in the Sea of Japan. Seven representative strains were identified using 16S rDNA sequence analysis as Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas sp., and Paracoccus spp. All bacterial strains showed their ability to grow well on aliphatic hydrocarbons, but not on aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, elemental levels in heavy oil showed wide ranges in all the heavy oil samples consisting of Si, S, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Compounds of Si, S, and Cr were observed at high levels, while those of Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb were observed at low levels. Of all heavy metals, Co appeared to be toxic for all bacterial growth at concentrations of >1 ppm, while the presence of Ti, Cr, and Cu at 0.01 to 10 ppm were found not to inhibit growth of all bacterial strains. It is suspected that the presence of heavy metals may have a significant effect on the composition of the bacterial community, (i.e., alkane-degrading bacterial isolates), as well as on the biodegradative processes of the Nakhodka oil spill during the 5-year bioremediation

1.Biominerals

金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科　環境科学東京工業大学Editor : Tazaki, Kazue, Cover:Scanning electoron microscopic photograph of Gallionella sp. in biomats of Aso caldera, Kyusyu, Japan. Various shapes of Gallonella sp. are shown (image:Moriichi, Shingo).COE, 金沢大学 水・土壌環境領域シンポジウム「地球環境における微生物の役割」, 日時：2002年12月4日（水）13：00～, 場所：金沢大学理学部3階第一実験

Heavy metallic concentration in microbial mats found at hydrothermal systems, Kamchatka, Russia

Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanazawa UniversityInstitute of Volcanology Far Eastern Division of Russian Academy of SciencesDepartment of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanazawa UniversityGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa UniversityGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa UniversityGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa UniversityGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa UniversityGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa UniversityDepartment of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanazawa UniversityThis study described the investigation of microbial mats that are rich in iron, arsenic, and manganese in four hydrothermal systems of Kamchatka, Russia namely Vilyuchinskie, Mutnovskie, Nachikinskie, and Malkinskie. The hydrothermal systems (hot springs) are contributing to the metallic and non-metallic mineral resources of Russia such as oil, gas, coal, copper, nickel, cobalt, tin, mercury, lead, zinc, diamond, platinum, gold, and silver. We observed the biogeochemical activities of microorganisms originating from microbial mats. The structure and elemental composition of microbial mats in these hydrothermal systems were studied with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX), whereas the water quality of these springs was measured by using pack tests. Additionally, portable Y-ray analyzer was employed to determine the kind and quantity of Y-ray in the atmospheric condition of sampling areas. Optical and scanning electron microscopic observations revealed that the microbial mats at these springs were mainly composed of a large number of microorganisms such as bacteria (coccus, bacillus, and filamentous), cyanobacteria, and algae in association with biominerals. Bacterial fluorometric enumeration of the thermal water informed that the total number of bacteria was relatively low, while the fraction of enzymatically active bacteria was high ranging from 27 % to 91 %. Besides that, ƒﾁ-ray observation showed that the predominantly ƒﾁ-ray range was between 320-380 keV dominating in green and black-colored microbial mats at Vilyuchinskie hot springs. Correspondingly, heavy metal and minerals deposits accumulated at all these springs indicating that microorganisms may contribute to binding and formation of the minerals. These activities and heavy mineral encrustation of cyanobacteria, bacteria, and algae may contribute to the growth of the heavy metal deposit (such as iron, manganese, and arsenic) at these springs. Obviously, Kamchatka hot springs provide a model for studying the potential role of prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the origin of heavy metal and minerals formation

Transport of carbon-bearing dusts from Iraq to Japan during Iraq\u27s War

Rainwater collected during the period of February-April, 2003 in Kanazawa University and Hakui, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, was investigated by ion chromatography of the dissolved ions, and Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive analyzer (SEM-EDX), electron microprobe analyzer (EPMA), transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analyses of the filtered samples. The pH, Eh, EC, dissolved oxygen (DO) and depleted U (DU) of the rainwater were also measured. The results show a rare case with low pH value of rain and high value of electrical conductivity (EC) in the rainwater during certain period. The NO 3 -, SO 4 2- and NH 4 + concentrations on 26th March, show quite high values after oil field fires on 21st March 2003. The powdery dust and carbon-bearing nm sized particles contained in the rainwater have characteristics different from that of the Asian dust (Kosa). Since 21 March, 2003 the Iraq plunged into the war, the 9 oil field fires were reported on 25 March, 2003 in Rumaylah oil field near the borderline of Kuwait. The first precipitation was caught in Kanazawa on 24 March, 2003. The pH value of the rainwater indicated a strong acid rain (pH 3.6) with black powdery dusts. The acid rain on 27th March to 2nd April (pH 3.4-4.3; 5-17mm) associated with WNW wind (2.7-4.1m/s) has continued to the first 10 days of April in Kanazawa, during the 9 oil fields were burning in Iraq. The EC in rainwater collected from 24 March to 15 April, 2003, shows high concentrations of ions, suggesting high contents of water soluble-carbon particles and soot. In the meantime, it was the highest season of sandstorms at bare dried land in Iraq from the end of March to the beginning of April. Westerly wind blew around 5500m high, and the sandstorm with 2000m wide was transported by strong wind to Zagros 3000m high mountains. The hot wind hit the Zagros Mountains and easily to join and rise to Westerly wind high by a rising air current. The 234U/ 238U activity (around 0.2) in typical depleted uranium (DU) is quite low compared with that (around 1.0) in natural uranium. The contamination of DU from the Iraq conflict may be, if any, negligibly small on undetectable level. On the other hand, the powdery dusts and carbon-bearing particles of rainwater have been produced by combustion of oil field in Iraq and they are directly cycling in our planet by Westerly wind. Black carbon particles are a product of incomplete combustion, and are the principal light-absorbing atmospheric aerosol. The result reminds us of the scientific values of short-term atmospheric environment records during Iraq\u27s War. This has consequences for primary production of powdery dusts coming from Iraq to the atmosphere over half the globe away. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Effect of Kaolinite on Microbial Growth in High Concentration of Heavy Oil

出版者照会後に全文公開The effect of kaolinite on the growth of hydrocarbon-utilizing indigenous microorganisms in high concentration of heavy oil (i.e., approximately 150 g/l) was studied. Microorganisms were able to grow well in such an extremely high concentration in the presence of yeast extract as co-substrate in direct contact with kaolinite. The presence of kaolinite was not toxic but stimulant for the microbial growth associated with the formation of biofilms at pH values of 5-6 after 36 days of incubation. Bacterial growth predominated when the pH of solutions was neutral-alkaline condition, while fungal growth was predominant as the pH of solutions decreased to be as low as 5 or lower. TEM observation of the kaolinite-oil-microorganism complexes showed that the microbial cells tended to be primarily bound on the edges of kaolinite, and XRD analysis confirmed that their complexes were the adsorption of the cells and heavy oil to the external surfaces of kaolinite. The results may contribute to what environmental factors having a great influence on the bioremediation process is therefore fundamental to many areas contaminated with oil spills, primarily marine and coastal environments. To our knowledge, there are no previous reports on the use of the clay minerals (i.e., kaolinite) in the bioremediation of the Nakhodka oil spill in combination with biofilm formation