Antioxidative effects of tempol on mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy

Introduction. Oxidative stress has a well-known role in diabetic nephropathy, and mitochondria are the major source of reactive oxygen species production. This study aimed to assess the effect of tempol, a superoxide dismutase mimetic agent, on mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes and cell viability in diabetic nephropathy. Materials and Methods. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 7 animals. Diabetes mellitus was induced by injection of streptozotocin in 2 groups, the rat in one of which were also treated with tempol for 4 weeks. Another group without diabetes mellitus received tempol, and the last group was the control. At the end of the treatment period, the kidney mitochondria were isolated and their antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were assessed. Malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, and kidney cells viability were studied, as well. Results. The diabetic group was significantly different compared with the control group in malondialdehyde, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. Superoxide dismutase and total antioxidative capacity did not show any significant differences among the four groups. Moreover, the diabetic group treated with tempol had significantly different glutathione peroxidase level and kidney cells viability, compared to the other diabetic group (P <.05) Conclusions. Diabetic nephropathy induces changes in mitochondrial antioxidative biomarkers and cells viability, some of which can be modified by tempol administration in rats. © 2018, Iranian Society of Nephrology. All rights reserved

Hepatoprotective effect of the root extract of green tea against malathion-induced oxidative stress in rats

Introduction: Organophosphorus (OPs) pesticides such as malathion intoxication has been shown to generate oxidative stress due to the production of free radicals and alteration of the antioxidant defense system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extracts from green tea (GT) hydroalcoholic extract on liver function.Methods: Male Wistar rats were separated into 4 groups of 8 rats each. Group I (control), group II was given GT (10 mg/kg/day). Animals of groups III received only malathion, group IV was given GT+ malathion. Animals received malathion 150 mg/kg by gavage and GT 30 mg/kg for 1 week through intraperitoneal injection. Twenty-four hours after treatment, blood samples were collected. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations as well as biomarkers of oxidative stress such as lipid peroxidation (LPO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total thiol groups (TTG) were measured.Results: A decrease in ALT and AST levels in GT group were observed compared with the ones in control group. Also, the results showed that malathion could increase liver toxicity in rats through reduction of ALT and AST. Conclusion: Amelioration of malathion toxicity through reduction of inflammation may suggest a prolonged therapeutic option against pesticides-induced hepatotoxicity

The Effect of Silymarin on the Expression of Urotensin–II and Urotensin–II Receptor Genes in the Liver Tissue of Type 2 Diabetic Rats

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown that the increase in urotensin – II is associated with diabetes disorders. Considering that using herbal medicines for the treatment of diseases leads to fewer complications compared to most chemical drugs, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of silymarin on glucose, and insulin levels and the expression of urotensin – II (U–II) and urotensin – II receptor (U–II R) genes in the liver tissue of type 2 diabetic male rats. METHODS: In this experimental study, 36 male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=6): 1. Control group; 2 and 3. Control groups treated with 60 and 120 mg / kg / day silymarin; 4. Type 2 diabetic group which received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 60 mg / kg streptozotocin and 120 mg / kg nicotinamide; 5 and 6. Diabetic rats treated with 60 and 120 mg/kg/day silymarin. After 60 days of treatment, serum and liver tissue samples were collected. Glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR index and liver enzymes were evaluated by spectrophotometry and ELISA methods, while gene expression in liver tissue was analyzed by Real-time PCR method. FINDINGS: Insulin levels increased significantly in diabetic groups treated with silymarin (60 and 120 mg/kg) (9.6±1.11 and 9.8±0.96, respectively) in comparison with the diabetic control group (7.10±1.06) (p<0.05). Moreover, glucose level, HOMA-IR, liver enzymes, U–II and U – II R expression in diabetic group treated with silymarin significantly decreased compared to diabetic control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that administration of silymarin improves liver function in diabetic rats

The effect of silymarin on the expression of urotensin�ii and urotensin�ii receptor genes in the liver tissue of type 2 diabetic rats

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown that the increase in urotensin � II is associated with diabetes disorders. Considering that using herbal medicines for the treatment of diseases leads to fewer complications compared to most chemical drugs, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of silymarin on glucose, and insulin levels and the expression of urotensin � II (U�II) and urotensin � II receptor (U�II R) genes in the liver tissue of type 2 diabetic male rats. METHODS: In this experimental study, 36 male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=6): 1. Control group; 2 and 3. Control groups treated with 60 and 120 mg / kg / day silymarin; 4. Type 2 diabetic group which received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 60 mg / kg streptozotocin and 120 mg / kg nicotinamide; 5 and 6. Diabetic rats treated with 60 and 120 mg/kg/day silymarin. After 60 days of treatment, serum and liver tissue samples were collected. Glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR index and liver enzymes were evaluated by spectrophotometry and ELISA methods, while gene expression in liver tissue was analyzed by Real-time PCR method. FINDINGS: Insulin levels increased significantly in diabetic groups treated with silymarin (60 and 120 mg/kg) (9.6±1.11 and 9.8±0.96, respectively) in comparison with the diabetic control group (7.10±1.06) (p<0.05). Moreover, glucose level, HOMA-IR, liver enzymes, U�II and U � II R expression in diabetic group treated with silymarin significantly decreased compared to diabetic control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that administration of silymarin improves liver function in diabetic rats. © 2019, Babol University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Hepatoprotective effects of silymarin on liver injury via irisin upregulation and oxidative stress reduction in rats with type 2 diabetes

Background: Diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases. Irisin (FNDC5 protein) is involved in the new strategy of combating type 2 diabetes. In the liver, the antidiabetic mechanism of silymarin at the molecular level is unknown. This study investigated the effects of silymarin on irisin and the related gene expression and oxidative stress status in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty-six rats were divided into 6 groups (n=6 each) by simple randomization: control, control+silymarin (60 mg/kg daily in normal saline orally for 60 days), control+silymarin (120 mg/kg daily in normal saline orally for 60 days), diabetic, diabetic+silymarin (60 mg/kg daily for 60 days), and diabetic+silymarin (120 mg/kg daily for 60 days). Biochemical parameters were measured by spectrophotometric and immunoassay methods, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate gene expression. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey test, using SPSS software, version 16.0. The results were considered statistically significant at a P value less than 0.05. Results: In the diabetic rats treated with silymarin (60 and 120 mg/kg), by comparison with the diabetic group, body weight (P=0.04 and P=0.02), insulin (P<0.001), expression of PGC-1α (P=0.04 and P=0.02), expression of FNDC5 (P=0.03 and P=0.01), and concentration of irisin in the liver (P=0.02 and P=0.01) and serum (P<0.001) were significantly increased, whereas the levels of glucose (P<0.001), HOMA-IR (P=0.03 and P=0.01), and liver injury markers (P<0.001) were significantly reduced. Oxidative stress status and histopathological changes were improved in the treated groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that silymarin because of its ability to upregulate irisin and antioxidant effects can be considered an antidiabetic agent. © 2019, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

The effects of synthetic orally administrated insulin nanoparticles in comparison to injectable insulin on the renal function markers of type 1- diabetic rats

Objective(s): Injectable insulin is the most widely used therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes which has several disadvantages. The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of injectable insulin on diabetes mellitus-related complications in comparison to orally encapsulated insulin nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: This study involved 42 Wistar rats separated into 5 groups, including control (C), diabetic control (D), diabetic receiving regular insulin (INS), diabetic receiving encapsulated insulin nanoparticle (INP), and diabetic receiving chitosan for two months. Biochemical parameters in serum and urine were measured using spectrophotometric or ELISA methods. mRNA levels of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were evaluated using quantitative PCR. Results: There were no significant differences between the two forms of insulin in controlling the glycemic condition (P-value>0.05), but oral INP was more effective in correcting diabetic dyslipidemia in comparison to injectable insulin (P-value<0.05). Urine volume and creatinine excretion were significantly modulated by insulin and oral INP in diabetic groups (P-value<0.05), although the effects of INP on the modulation of execration of urea, acid uric, and albumin was more dramatic. Oral INP caused a significant decrease in urine concentration of KIM-1 and NGAL as well as expression of KIM-1 in renal tissue (P-value<0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggested that oral INP is more effective than injectable insulin in modulation of urine and serum diabetic-related parameters. © 2020 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Tempol improves oxidant/antioxidant parameters in testicular tissues of diabetic rats

Aims: Oxidative stress induced by diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as one of the main causes of infertility in diabetic patients. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of Tempol � as a synthetic antioxidant- on the testis oxidative stress and sperm parameters in type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats. Main methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. Control groups (C) and diabetic groups (D); the control and diabetic groups received Tempol (100 mg/kg) for one month. Sperm parameters and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated in testicular tissue. Key findings: The results demonstrated that administration of Tempol in diabetic rats improved sperm motility and viability and decreased the count of abnormal sperms. Also Tempol decreased the fasting blood sugar (FBS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). In addition, Tempol significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in testis tissue of T2D rats. Histopathological changes were also improved in the diabetic treated group. Significance: Taken together, the results indicated that Tempol improved fertility parameters in a diabetic rat through reducing oxidative stress. © 2019 Elsevier Inc

Protective effect of cerium oxide nanoparticle on sperm quality and oxidative damage in malathioninduced testicular toxicity in rats: An experimental study

Background: Malathion is an organophosphorus pesticide that commonly used in many agricultural and non-agricultural processes. Previous studies have reported the effects of melatonin on the reproductive system. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) due to their antioxidative properties are promising to impact on the development of male infertility. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CeNPs on oxidative stress and sperm parameters after malathion exposure of male rats. Materials and Methods: 36 adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (n=6/each): Control, CeNPs -treated control (15 and 30 mg/kg/day), malathion (100 mg/ kg/day), and CeNPs -treated malathion groups (15 and 30 mg/ kg/day). At the end of the study (4 wk), the sperm counts, motility, and viability in the testis of rats were measured, also lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity, and total thiol groups in homogenate testis were investigated. Results: Malathion significantly reduced sperm count, viability, and motility than the control rats (p<0.001). Co-treatment of malathion with CeNPs 30 mg/kg had a protective effect on sperm counts (p=0.03), motility (p=0.01), and viability (p<0.001) compare to malathion group. Also, the results showed that malathion reduced testis total anti-oxidant capacity, the total thiol group, and increased testis malondialdehyde than the control rats (p<0.001). CeNPs 30 mg/kg are increased total antioxidant capacity (p<0.001) and total thiol group (p=0.03) compared to malathion group. CeNPs at both doses (15 and 30 mg/kg) improved malondialdehyde than the malathion group (p<0.001 and p=0.01 respectively). Conclusion: CeNPs 30 mg/kg administered considerably restored testicular changes induced by malathion. The improvement of oxidative stress by CeNPs may be associated with increased sperm counts, motility and viability in the testis. © 2018, Research and Clinical Center for Infertitlity. All rights reserved

Silymarin ameliorates expression of urotensin II (U-II) and its receptor (UTR) and attenuates toxic oxidative stress in the heart of rats with type 2 diabetes

Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Urotensin II ((U-II)) and its receptor (UTR) are involved in the progression of CVD through enhancement in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since silymarin (SMN) is a natural agent with anti-diabetic effects, this study aimed to investigate the antioxidant potency of SMN on the expression of (U-II)/UTR system and oxidative stress status in the heart of type 2 diabetic rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6). Control and diabetic groups treated with or without SMN (60 and 120 mg/kg/day) for 2 months. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, lipid profile, creatine kinase-MB ((CK-MB)), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and markers of oxidative stress were measured by spectrophotometric methods while (U-II) and UTR gene expression was determined by qPCR method. SMN significantly reduced the FBS level, increased the concentration of insulin and improved HOMA-IR. SMN prevented diabetes-induced weight loss, and attenuated the increased levels of total oxidative status (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO). Diabetes-induced reduction of total thiol molecules content (TTM) was normalized to the normal level in SMN treated rats. SMN significantly modulated serum lipid profile, reduced the expression of (U-II) and UTR in the heart, and improved histopathological changes in the heart tissues. Therefore, the current study indicated that SMN ameliorated unpleasant diabetic characteristics via down-regulation of (U-II) and UTR gene expression and modulation of oxidative stress in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. Keywords: Heart Silymarin Type 2 diabetes mellitus Urotensin II Urotensin II recepto

Evaluation of pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) and its association with inflammatory cytokines in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Chronic low-grade inflammation has been suggested as a key contributor of the pathogenesis and development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). To investigate the association between oxidative stress status and inflammatory cytokines in follicular fluid of 21 PCOS women compared to 21 women with normal ovarian function who underwent intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection. Concentration of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α was measured using sandwich ELISA. Oxidative stress was examined by measuring total oxidant status (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and thiol groups. PCOS women had an elevated concentration of MDA and TOS compared to controls. Levels of TAC and thiol groups were lower in PCOS compared to controls. PCOS patients had a higher concentration of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α compared to controls. Concentration of IL-10 was lower in PCOS compared to controls. Significant correlations were found between MDA and TOS concentration with TNF-α and between IL-6 and MDA, IL-8 and TAC, IL-10 and TOS levels and also between IL-10 and TAC levels. TAC and thiol groups were negatively correlated with TNF-α. Increased oxidative stress in PCOS is associated with inflammation which is closely linked. Inflammation can induce production of inflammatory cytokines in this syndrome and directly stimulates excess ovarian androgen production. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group