Effects of Brief-Signal Number and Location on Responding Maintained by Delay of Reinforcement

The purpose of the present series of experiments was to examine the effects of the number, type, and location of brief signal(s) occurring during, but not throughout, a delay period, on responding maintained by the delay of reinforcement. In each experiment, a tandem variable time (VT) 60-s fixed interval (FI) 9-s schedule was used as a baseline condition of an immediate reinforcement against which delay conditions were examined. For the delay conditions, a chained variable interval (VI) 60-s fixed time (FT) 9-s (delay period) schedule was used, and the imposition of the brief signal (blackout) during the delay period was manipulated. In Experiment 1, when a brief signal(s) was imposed at the fixed temporal location during the delay period, the VI component response rate was maintained at a comparable level to the baseline. Conversely, when a brief signal was imposed at the variable temporal locations during the delay period, the VI component response rate diminished to low levels compared to the baseline. In Experiment 2, when a brief signal was imposed at the beginning of the delay period, the VI response rate was maintained at a higher level compared to when the brief signal was imposed at the middle or end of the delay period. In both Experiment 1 and 2, when the brief signal was contingent and temporally contiguous with the required response (a keypeck that completed the VI component and started the delay period), the VI response rate was maintained at a higher level compared to when there was a disruption in temporal contiguity between the required response and brief signal presentation. To examine this observation, in Experiment 3, a brief signal was imposed at the variable temporal location during the delay period, however, a contingency was imposed where an additional response after the elapse of the signal timer was required to produce the brief signal. In this procedure, the VI response rate was maintained at a higher level compared to when the brief signal was presented at the variable temporal location without an additional response requirement for the brief signal presentation. These results underline the importance of response-brief signal contingency and temporal contiguity in maintaining responding by partially signaled delay of reinforcement

Sex Trafficking: A Systematic Review of Operational Definitions

Objective: Trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation constitutes about 59% of detected victims of trafficking, which makes it the most prevalent form of human exploitation globally. In the existing literature, there is a lack of a precise and consistent conceptualization of this phenomenon, which poses a significant challenge in its study. The purpose of this inquiry is to fill in the gap in the existing literature by identifying and analyzing existing operational definitions of sex trafficking pertinent to psychological scholarly literature. Methods: Meta-ethnographic approach to qualitative research was utilized in this study. To identify pertinent literature, a systematic review of the scholarly articles across multiple ProQuest databases took place. A specific emphasis was placed on scientific literature inquiring into sex trafficking in the adult (\u3e18) population. Results: The results of the study indicated that 33% of the publications utilized operational definition of sex trafficking provided by the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA), followed by 30% provided by Palermo Protocol. A significant portion of publication (30%) did not employ a definition. Conclusions: The overall findings suggest that the most salient characteristics of sex trafficking employed in definitions were the presence of act of recruitment, harboring and transportation with the means of coercion, force, fraud and deception for the purpose of the commercial sex act

Modern Political Philosophy

Openly licensed anthology focused on the theme of Modern Political Philosophy. Contains Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes; The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli; The Communist Manifesto by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx; The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte by Karl Marx ; On the Jewish Question by Karl Marx Economic & Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 by Karl Marx; The German Ideology by Karl Marx; Capital by Karl Marx ; Second Treatise of Government by John Locke; The Social Contract & Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau; Beyond Good and Evil by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsch

Gender in Literature

Openly licensed anthology focused on the theme of the Gender Roles portrayed in Literature. Contains Anna Lombard by Victoria Cross; The Beth Book by Sarah Grand; King Solomon’s Mines by H. Rider Haggard; Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy; The Blood of the Vampire by Florence Marryat; The Beetle by Richard March; The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson; The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde

Ancient and Medieval Political Philosophy

Openly licensed anthology focused on the theme of Anicient and Medieval Political Philosophy. Contains Plays of Sophocles: Oedipus the King; Oedipus at Colonus; Antigone by Sophocles; The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides; The Republic by Plato Apology, Crito, and Phaedo of Socrates by Plato; Politics: A Treatise on Government by Aristotle; The History of Rome, Books 01 to 08 by Titus Livius; Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius by Niccolò Machiavell

18th-20th Century British Literature

Openly licensed anthology focused on the theme of 18th-20th Century British Literature. Contains Persuasion by Jane Austen; Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë; Lady Audley’s Secret by M.E. Braddon; Middlemarch by George Eliot; A Passage to India by E.M. Forster; Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy; Pamela by Samuel Richardson; Carmilla by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu

Shakespeare

Openly licensed anthology focused on the theme of Shakespeare. Contains The Complete Works of Shakespeare

Philosophy of Economics

Openly licensed anthology focused on the theme of Philosophy in Economics. Contains An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Books I-V) by Adam Smith

History of Philosophy

Openly licensed anthology focused on the theme of the History of Philosophy. Contains Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle, Five Dialogues by Plato, Republic by Plat

European History 1648 to Present

Openly licensed anthology focused on the theme of European History from 1648-Present as reflected in literature. Contains Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels