Farm-economics of genetically improved carp strains in major Asian countries and carp seed price policy model

The study has conducted the micro level analysis of hatchery operators, fishseed-rearing farmers and carp farmers with respect to their socio-economic characteristics, infrastructural development, husbandry practices and economics returns, based on the survey and on-farm trial data collected by the research partners in six Asian countries, viz. Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam. The genetically-improved carp strain is economically viable and socially acceptable. The attractive profits to hatchery operators and nursery and carp farmers have created conducive environment for the dissemination of improved carp strain. Price policy models for improved strains have been developed. The premium price for fingerlings and broodstock with improved strain has been assessed. The high price of genetically-improved nuclear seed and broodstock would build self-supportive research and extension systems in the country. A business plan for Jayanti rohu has been worked out, as an example for replacement of rohu by Jayanti rohu.Livestock Production/Industries,

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How accurately do adult sons and daughters report and perceive parental deaths from coronary disease?

<b>OBJECTIVES</b>: To describe how adult sons and daughters report and perceive parental deaths from heart disease <b>DESIGN</b>: Two generation family study. <b>SETTING</b>: West of Scotland. <b>SUBJECTS</b>: 1040 sons and 1298 daughters aged 30-59 from 1477 families, whose fathers and mothers were aged 45-64 in 1972-76 and have been followed up for mortality over 20 years. <b>OUTCOME</b> : Perception of a "family weakness" attributable to heart disease. RESULTS : 26% of sons and daughters had a parent who had died of coronary heart disease (CHD). The proportion was higher in older offspring (+18% per 10 year age difference) and in manual compared with non-manual groups (+37%). Eighty nine per cent of parental deaths from CHD were correctly reported by offspring. Only 23% of sons and 34% of daughters with at least one parent who had died of CHD considered that they had a family weakness attributable to heart disease. Perceptions of a family weakness were higher when one or both parents had died of CHD, when parental deaths occurred at a younger age, in daughters compared with sons and in offspring in non-manual compared with manual occupations. <b>CONCLUSIONS</b>: Only a minority of sons and daughters with experience of a parent having died from CHD perceive this in terms of a family weakness attributable to heart disease. Although men in manual occupations are most likely to develop CHD, they are least likely to interpret a parental death from CHD in terms of a family weakness. Health professionals giving advice to patients on their familial risks need to be aware of the difference between clinical definitions and lay perceptions of a family history of heart disease

Cercarial development of Fasciola within the intermediate snail host Lymnaea acuminata from river waters of Aurangabad (M.S.) India

Collection of snail specimens of Lymnaea acuminata was done from river water around the city Aurangabad. Naturally infected snails were identified and dissected in order to study the cercarial development within the snail body. Infected gonads were collected and got processed for general histological study in order to investigate cercarial development. Light microscopic observations of the gonadal sections show various stages of cercarial development within redia of liver fluke, Fasciola. Redia are formed after completion of the sporocyst development. Fully developed rediae are polymorphic shaped sacks having mouth opening at the anterior end. Just behind the collar region at one site there is presence of birthpore which acts as an exit for developing cercaria. From the germinal layer proliferation of germ balls take place vegetatively. At the initial stages of germball development, it is simple ball of cells. On further development it becomes elongated with mesenchyme tissue.Advancement in further development, there starts the formation of digestive system with distinct intestinal lobes or caecae. During post developmental stages there is appearance of pharynx, suckers and tail of cercaria. It seems that cercaria move towards anterior region with progress in their development. Fully developed cercaria having distinct tail gets birth through birthpore

The impact of imprecisely measured covariates on estimating gene-environment interactions

BACKGROUND The effects of measurement error in epidemiological exposures and confounders on estimated effects of exposure are well described, but the effects on estimates for gene-environment interactions has received rather less attention. In particular, the effects of confounder measurement error on gene-environment interactions are unknown. METHODS We investigate these effects using simulated data and illustrate our results with a practical example in nutrition epidemiology. RESULTS We show that the interaction regression coefficient is unchanged by confounder measurement error under certain conditions, but biased by exposure measurement error. We also confirm that confounder measurement error can lead to estimated effects of exposure biased either towards or away from the null, depending on the correlation structure, with associated effects on type II errors. CONCLUSION Whilst measurement error in confounders does not lead to bias in interaction coefficients, it may still lead to bias in the estimated effects of exposure. There may still be cost implications for epidemiological studies that need to calibrate all error-prone covariates against a valid reference, in addition to the exposure, to reduce the effects of confounder measurement erro

Designing E-Catalogue as Promotional Media on Instagram Using Adobe Express Application at Khaw Box Malang

E-catalogue or called an online catalog is a feature used to facilitate visitors in finding collection catalogs that can be accessed in general, especially Instagram. e-catalogue is important for khawbox shops to help encourage customers and attract customers. Previously, the khawbox shop only had an offline catalog, and lacked details for some information so that it did not attract the attention of potential customers. The purpose of this research is to create a promotional media e-catalogue design on Instagram using the Adobe Express application at Khaw Box Malang. This research uses the Action Research method which includes several research procedures, namely planning, action, observation, and reflection. Data collection methods utilized observation, interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. There were 20 respondents consisting of 1 business owner, 2 marketing experts, 2 computer experts, and 15 potential customers. This research uses the EPIC method to measure design effectiveness (Empathy, Persuasion, Impact, and Communication). The results of this study went through 2 cycles and showed an EPIC Rate value of 4.2. This indicates that respondents agree that this e-catalogue is very effective as an advertising media for khawbox shop. This research concludes that e-catalogue can be said to be very effective and feasible to use in helping to develop the Khawbox shop business and become an alternative

The effect of dietary intake, physical activity and posture on pepsin concentrations detected in the saliva of free-living, healthy individuals

Introduction: Diet and lifestyle are believed to be major causes of gastric reflux. The occurrence of reflux is associated with a number of respiratory, oesophageal and airways conditions. Previous studies have used oesophageal monitoring to assess the occurrence of reflux events. Such measurements may only measure "bulk" rather than "microreflux" events. Such technology is also likely to impact on both habitual dietary intake and physical activity due to the nature of the assessment. Aim: To assess the impact of meal intake and physical activity on pepsin concentrations in saliva collected from free-living individuals throughout the day. Methods: Fifty-one participants (aged 18+, non-smokers with no current chronic or acute respiratory conditions, bloodborne diseases, or diagnosis of reflux disease) provided saliva samples before (< 30 min) and after (< 1 h) meals and physical activity bouts or before and after sleep. Dietary intake and physical activity were monitored by diary over this time. Dietary intake was analyzed using Windiets® software, while physical activity output was calculated from pre-existing tables of energy expenditure. Saliva samples were analyzed for pepsin content using a previously described ELISA methodology. Wilcoxon matched pairs rank sign tests were performed on before- and after-meal/physical activity/sleep samples. Results: Fifty-seven paired pre-and post-meal,48 paired pre- and post-physical activity samples and 168 pre- and post-sleep samples were analyzed. Mean(standard deviation) pepsin concentrations in saliva were significantly higher (P=0.037) in the pre-meal samples (44.2(42.2)) than the post-meal samples (32.8(29.6)). Post-sleep pepsin concentrations (196.4(323.4)) were significantly higher (P< 0.001) than pre-sleep (102.3(152.8)). There was no significant difference (P=0.491) between pre-(45.2(56.8)) and post-(40.8(38.6)) physical activity saliva samples. Conclusions: Analysis of pepsin in saliva is a useful method to assess the impact of lifestyle on reflux event occurrence. Increased preprandial salivary pepsin concentrations may be due to microreflux events driven by the cephalic phase of digestion